汉语词语与性别关系研究

【作者】 陈丛耘；

【导师】 孙汝建；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 汉语言文字学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 本文在综述前人性别语言研究的基础上,就汉语词语与性别的关系,研究六个具体问题:一、词语的性别歧视:“他”为老字号,“她”为“分店”:把女性视为男性的附属;把女性当作例外;男女称谓不对等;女性的称谓缺位;贬义词语女性多于男性;丑化妇女的词语更形象;女性名词“贬义化”,男性名词“褒义化”;男先女后的语序。二、词语选用的性别差异:女性色彩词语的掌握能力强于男性:女性比男性更喜欢使用情感词语;女性比男性更善于使用委婉语;女性比男性少用粗俗语和诅咒语;称呼的差异反映在古代女性称“娘”男性称“郎”以及今人的夫妻昵称上;人称代词的指称差异反映在女性用第二人称代词指称第一人称,用第三人称代词指称第一人称,用不定指人称代词指称定指。三、骂詈语的性别歧视和性别差异:男性的骂詈语比较粗露,女性的骂詈语比较委婉;骂男人诋毁其能力,骂女人诋毁其贞操;女性害羞时用“假骂”,男性舒心时用“假骂”:女人骂别人咒骂,男人骂自己发誓。骂詈的深层原因与贞操观、祖先崇拜、人类的动物性、玩笑式招呼习惯有关。四、成语的性别歧视和性别差异:性别歧视表现在“男先女后”的语序上,成语的性别差异在手势语、身势语、情态语上表现为女性专用、男性常用、男女通用三类;女性成语的文化内涵体现在对女性生活的多层面展示、封建男权思想的体现、女性歧视的描绘、社会等级观念的透露、女性心理的刻画上。五、谚语的性别歧视与性别差异:反映在生理因素(体质特征、衰老规律、性情特征)、心理因素(社会心理、性差心理、民族心理)、社会角色因素(家庭角色、社会角色)、文化因素(封建文化、社会文明)上。六、人名用字的性别歧视与性别差异:“姓”的起源尤其是女旁姓氏最早就具有性别色彩,最初的取名几乎是男性的专利;女名用字的特征是多用女旁字、多用花鸟字、多用闺物字、多用珍宝字、多用艳彩字、多用柔景字、多用女德字、多用叠字;另有男性女名和女性男名的“错位”现象;与女性相比,男性取名用字与时代结合得更紧密;人名用字的性别差异有弱化的发展趋势。本文主要采用社会语言学的理论与方法,同时注重从社会学、文化学、心理学、历史学、民俗学等学科以及语言学的其他相关学科吸收有关理论和方法,多角度揭示汉语与性别的关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 On the basis of prior linguistic research into gender, the article studies the six specified issues springing from the relations between gender and Chinese words.First, gender discrimination finds its reflections in words. "Ta(he)" is preferred to "Ta(she)" in that the female are viewed as subordinate to the male, and the female are regarded as exceptional; the nominal terms of address are unequal and the terms to address the female are often non-existent; the pejorative words used on the female are more than those on the male and the words to disfigure the female are more descriptive; the nominal words representing the female are prone to derogation, while those indicative of the male are liable for commendation; the male is placed prior to the female in terms of the word order.Second, gender differences are implicit in the choice of words. The female excel more in the perception of color words; the female prefer to use affectionate words; the female are more disposed to use euphemisms; the female are less likely to swear abuses and say foul language; the differences in terms of address are reflected in the fact that the ancient women were called "Niang", as opposed to the ancient men called "Lang". The same is also true of the present designation of nicknames for "Fu(Husband)" and "Qi(wife)". The differences in the nominal pronouns are found in the fact that the female use the second nominal pronoun to refer to the first nominal pronoun, the third for the first, and indefinite nominal pronouns for the definite ones.Third, gender differences and gender discrimination involved in abuses. The female swear undisguised uncouth abuses, compared to women who prefer to take a roundabout way. To chide the male is sheer contempt for their competence, while to curse the female is to bring disgrace to their chasteness; the female, once exposed to shyness, tend to make false swears, as opposed to the male when they are comfortably ensconced. The female, while cursing others, swears, in contrast to the male, who swear oaths while swearing themselves. The in-depth reason for swear has some bearing upon the outlook on virtue, the worship of ancestors, the animalism remnant in human beings and the joking habitual greetings.Fourth, gender discrimination and distinctions find their reflections in idioms. To be specific, the female are, more often than not, preceded by the male in terms of the word order in the idioms. Gender distinctions are often detected in those idioms depicting body language, gesture language and feelings and sentiments to the detail that some are solely for women, some are what men alone usually use, and the rest are applicable to both. The cultural connotations implicit in feminine idioms, revealing gender discrimination, unveiling the gender hierarchy, delineating the female psychology and laying bare the male supremacy, offers a multifaceted exhibition of women’s life from multiple dimensions. Fifth, gender discrimination and distinctions find reflections in proverbs. These proverbs concern physiological ones(physical features, the law of aging, temperamental features), psychological ones(social psychology, the gender gap psychology, national psychology), social roles(family roles, social roles), and culture(feudal culture, social civilizations).Sixth, sexual discrimination and distinctions find their reflections in names. The family name finds its spring in ancient China when it was unique to women. As regards the given name, it is only accessible to men. The name of the female features preferentially the choice of these words with "Nv(Feminine)" being essentially one making-up component. Additionally, such words as the names of birds and flowers, ingenious articles, jewels, colors words, mellow scenery, refined virtues, and duplicate words are preferred to be selected as the feminine names. Another noteworthy point is there exists an occasional occurrence of the alternative use between the male and female names. Compared to those of the female, the names of men are more closely connected to a specific era. Notwithstanding this, the differences in the choice of words as names are on the wane as a whole.The thesis, as far as social linguistic theory and methodology is concerned, is primarily premised upon sociology, cultural studies, psychology, history, folklore and other subjects relevant to linguistics, through which the relations between the Chinese language and gender are expounded from multiple perspectives.更多还原