【作者】 李欢欢；

【导师】 鲍毅新；

【作者基本信息】 浙江师范大学 ， 生态学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 底栖动物是滩涂湿地生态系统的重要组成部分,大型底栖动物群落决定着滩涂湿地生态系统的许多重要的生态过程。对滩涂大型底栖动物群落的研究不仅在群落生态学方面具有理论价值,而且对滩涂湿地生态环境、滩涂资源开发及生物多样性的保护也有重要的现实意义和应用价值。本文以浙江省宁波慈溪庵东镇杭州湾跨海大桥建设区域具有代表性的滩涂湿地（泥滩）为研究基地,在中等尺度上对滩涂湿地生态系统中的大型底栖动物群落进行了研究,探讨了杭州湾跨海大桥工程建设区域不同潮带大型底栖动物群落的结构特征及分布、功能群及营养等级的季节动态,同时也选取该地区的优势种群之一伍氏厚蟹,对比其在工程建设区域与自然滩涂生境中的种群特征及回归关系。主要研究结果如下:（一）2006年5月至2007年1月,在杭州湾南岸大桥建设区域潮间带按季节取样对大型底栖动物群落进行了研究。共发现大型底栖动物32种,隶属6门7纲l 8科,主要为软体动物、节肢动物和环节动物多毛类。物种获得数潮位间差异极显著(F_2,6=75.71,P＜0.01),季节间差异显著(F_3,6=6.58,P＜0.05)。高潮带、中潮带和低潮带的密度、生物量分别为:97.00±13.13 ind/m²,34.89±9.82 g/m²;126.00±23.08 ind/m²,33.25±9.54 g/m²;13.75±2.32 ind/m²,2.76±0.53g/m²。密度季节间差异不显著(F_3,6=0.91,P＞0.05),潮位差异显著(F_2,6=10.48,P＜0.05);生物量季节间差异不显著(F_3,6=4.27,P＞0.05),潮位差异极显著(F_2,6=10.94,P＜0.01)。各多样性指数在潮带间差异显著,季节间则只有Margalef种类丰度（S）和Shannon-Wiener指数（H′）存在显著性差异;Margalef物种丰富度指数、Shannon-weiner多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数4季平均数表现为:高潮带＞中潮带＞低潮带;Simpson优势度指数表现为:低潮带＞中潮带＞高潮带。对4季3潮带12个群落进行聚类和排序分析可以看出,中高潮带界限不明显,低潮带和中高潮带的界线明显。分析表明:生境条件的不同是大型底栖群落组成差异的主要原因,同一站位大型底栖动物群落物种组成在各季节之间有显著差异。（二）根据其食性类型将所采的大型底栖动物划分为5种功能群。用功能群方法对这些物种与生境变化的关系进行了分析,结果表明,各功能群密度在季节间均不存在显著性差异,而在潮带间除了浮游生物食者外,其它类群均存在显著性差异;肉食者的种类数在潮带间不存在显著性差异,而在季节间存在显著性差异,其它功能群刚好相反。滩涂大型底栖动物群落主要包括4个营养级别,各营养级的构成密度在季节间差异不显著,在潮带间则差异显著;各营养级种类数是处于第四级的肉食者季节间差异显著,潮带间变化不显著,处于第二、三营养等级的功能群则正好相反。底栖动物功能群多样性综合反映了杭州湾南岸跨海大桥建设区域潮间带大型底栖动物群落变化情况。（三）2004年7月中旬对杭州湾南岸伍氏厚蟹进行了取样调查和统计分析,结果表明:不同生境的种群密度、生物量,个体之间存在极显著差异。伍氏厚蟹的种群密度分别为:围垦滩涂23.00±5.86只/m²,主要道路基地10.72±2.32只/m²,自然滩涂6.36±1.43只/m²;生物量:围垦滩涂172.27±43.89 g/m²,主要道路基地120.28±26.03g/m²,自然滩涂61.88±13.91g/m²。整体样本及各生境雌雄样本的个体头胸甲长（BL）、头胸甲宽（BW）和体重（WW）之间都存在显著线性回归关系,其中头胸甲宽和体重之间的线性回归方程与预测值拟合程度最高。同时还发现各个生境个体、雌雄个体的头胸甲长、头胸甲宽、体重之间存在一定的差异。更多还原

【Abstract】 Macrobenthic community is an important part of tidal flat ecosystem.Macrobentic community determines many significant ecological processes in the tidal flat wetland ecosystem. Studying on the macrobenthic community is important to improve our knowledge on the community ecology and the theory of ecology,and then it has affirmative significance to wetland resource exploitation and biodiversity conservation.The dissertation based on the research on the macrobenthic community in the middle scale at the tidal flat wetland in the bridge construction zone at the South Bank of Hangzhou Bay,China, discussed on the structure characture,spatial distribution,seasonal variation,and seasonal dynamics of macrobenthic functional groups and trophic levels of the macrobenthic community. We also study on the population and the linear regression relationships of the dominant species Helice wuana in CiXi tidal flat in summer（July,2004）.Major conclusions from the research are:1.From May 2006 to February 2007,the authors studied the macrobenthic community on the tidal flat near the Hangzhou Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge at the south bank.We found a total of 32 species,belonging to 18 families,7 classes and 6 phyla,most of them were arthropods and mollusks.Species’ numbers were differ significantly among seasons(F_3.6=6.58,P＜0.05),and were distinct among tidal flats was(F_2.6=75.71,P＜0.01).The density and biomass of the upper, high,middle and low tidal flat were 97.00±13.13 ind/m²,34.89±9.82 g/m²;126.00±23.08 ind/m², 33.25±9.54 g/m²;13.75±2.32 ind/m²,2.76±0.53 g/m².Densities and biomass were not significantly affected by seasons(F_3.6=0.91 and F_3.6=4.27,P＞0.05),while differences were marked among tidal flats(F_2.6=10.48,P＜0.05 and F_2.6=10.94,P＜0.01).All the zoobenthic community’s diversity indices referred to in this paper were significantly different between the tidal flats,while only Margalef’s species richness indices and the Shannon-Wiener diversity coefficient showed a significant difference between seasons.Margalef’s species richness indices, Shannon-Wiener diversity indices and Pielou’s indices were as follows:high＞middle＞low, Simpson’s indexes were:low＞middle＞high.Using the Hierarchical Cluster of between groups linkage method and the Nonmatric Multi-dimentional Scaling method,the 12 macrobenthic communities of high and middle tidal flat had no distinct dividing line,the macrobenthic communities of low tidal flat had a distinct dividing line frown high and middle tidal flat.The paper indicated that habitat differences were most important reason for differences in the macrobenthic communities composion.2.A survey（May,2006 to February,2007）was carried out on the tidal flat near the Hangzhou Bay Sea-Crossing Bridge at the south bank,in order to assess the changes in habitat conditions of the tidal flat wetland resulting from differences in the zoobenthic community structure and function on different tidal flats and in different seasons.Macro-invertebrates were identified and counted.Based on the data collected from samplings near the bridge at the south bank of the Hangzhou Bay,we have categorized functional groups according to feeding types.32 species were identified,and assigned to 5 distinct functional groups（planktophagous, phytophagous,carnivorous,omnivorous and detritivorous）and 4 trophic levels.The results. showed that there was no significant difference between seasons for any of the diversity indices of functional group density,but a significant difference was found between the tidal fiats（except for the planktophagous group）.The number of species in the carnivorous group showed no significant difference between tidal flats,while a significant difference was found between seasons,as opposed to the other functional groups.There was no significant difference between seasons for any of trophic levels density,but a significant difference was found between the tidal flats.The number of species placed in the carnivorous group showed a significant seasonal difference,while no significant difference between tidal flats,as opposed to the other functional groups which placed in the second and third trophic levels.This study suggests that basic zoobenthic community parameters were reflected in the composition and diversity of the functional groups.Obtaining species diversity information from the analysis of the composition and diversity of functional groups helps us to understand changes in the ecological relationships underlying complicated community changes.3.A seven-days survey（11～17,July,2004）was carried out at the CiXi tidal flat of the south bank of Hangzhou Gulf to investigate the population characters of Helice wuana,which was one of the dominant species in CiXi tidal flat.The result showed there was a highly significant difference on population density and biomass among different habitats,The density of the crabs in the reclaimed area was 23.00±5.86 individuals/m²,main road basement 10.72±2.32 individuals/ m²,tidal flat 6.36±1.43 individuals/m²,respectively,with the corresponding biomass being 172.27±43.89 g/m²（wet weight）,120.28±26.03 g/m²（wet weight）,61.88±13.91 g/m²（wet weight）. There was a significant liner regression relationship between body length and wet weight,between body width and wet weight,especially for the goodness of fit of the latter.The author also found that there existed substantial,distinction among these samples from different habitats,as well as the discovery of the differentiation about the body length,body width,wet weigh from one Helice wuana to another,and from male to female.更多还原