【作者】 王斌；

【导师】 李恺；

【作者基本信息】 华东师范大学 ， 动物学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究在对福建梅花山国家自然保护区和上海崇明东平国家森林公园常绿阔叶林昆虫多样性调查的基础上,选取了樟树(Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl)上的重要食叶昆虫樟巢螟(Orthaga achatina Butler)、樗蚕(Philosamia CynthiaWalker et Felder)和木荷(Schima superba Gardn et Champ)上的重要食叶昆虫思茅新木蛾(Neospastis simaona Wang)为研究对象,通过野外观察结合室内饲养实验,观察了樟巢螟、樗蚕及思茅新木蛾的取食行为,探讨了明暗、温度和湿度对其取食行为的影响,同时结合植物叶片取食状类型的分析,初步阐明了三种幼虫的取食行为特征。1.福建梅花山国家自然保护区昆虫多样性调查对福建梅花山国家自然保护区进行了昆虫多样性调查。采集昆虫标本5281号,分属14个目82个科,共有193个种。梅花山自然保护区5个不同生境昆虫多样性调查采用多样性指数、均匀度和丰富度对不同的群落进行了统计分析,结果显示:在不同生境中昆虫多样性指数、均匀度、丰富度均不相同,其中针阔混交林昆虫的多样性(5.741426)、均匀度(0.918933)最高,常绿阔叶林昆虫的丰富度(83)最高,毛竹林昆虫多样性(4.906891)、均匀度(0.690726)、丰富度(30)最低。表明昆虫的多样性与其生境的植物种类、丰富程度密切相关。2.樟巢螟(Orthaga achatina Butler)幼虫食叶行为研究樟巢螟幼虫有筑巢现象,取食和防御也以巢为中心。野外状态下,樟巢螟幼虫吐丝缀叶,结成虫包。在室内饲养时,樟巢螟幼虫可在叶子与培养皿壁之间做巢。樟巢螟幼虫多数情况下会将头胸部探出巢进行取食,尾部留在巢内,取食结束退回巢内。有时也会整个虫体全爬出巢外进行取食。其只取食叶肉,不取食叶脉。樟巢螟幼虫取食为不连续取食,无明显的取食高峰。取食间隔期,幼虫爬动或静止。防御以巢为主,遇到惊扰立即退回巢内,当幼虫被迫暴露于巢外时,则会剧烈扭动身体进行防御。樟巢螟幼虫的取食叶片形状呈多样化,无明显的对应性。据观察有阳面食状、阴面食状、小孔状、大孔状、连续小孔状、缘食状、掏食状、切叶状等8种取食状。樟巢螟3、4、5龄幼虫,随龄期的增加,取食次数和取食总时间逐渐增加,而一次取食时间变化不大。幼虫在明暗条件下取食量没有显著性差异(P＞0.05),故明暗条件对其取食行为没有明显的影响。25℃-35℃是樟巢蜞幼虫较适宜的取食和生活温度,稍高(40℃)或稍低(15℃-20℃)则抑制其取食活动。在70%-90%RH范围内,幼虫的取食行为没有明显改变。低湿度60%RH环境对樟巢螟幼虫的取食活动有一定的抑制作用。3.樗蚕(Philosamia Cynthia Walker et Felder)幼虫取食行为研究樗蚕幼虫在野外状态下,在叶子的背面取食叶片。室内饲养观察时,其取食时腹足和臀足紧紧抓住叶子。樗蚕幼虫多从叶子的顶部开始取食,将叶子吃得只剩一些残屑和一段主叶脉,有时甚至将主叶脉吃光。其取食为不连续取食,无明显的取食高峰。取食时如受到惊吓,幼虫采取静止不动作为防御方式。取食间隔期,幼虫多静止休息。樗蚕幼虫的取食状有顶食状、缘食状、掏食状、切叶状,其中以缘食状和切叶状为主。樗蚕3、4、5龄幼虫随龄期的增加,取食次数变化不大。3、4龄幼虫一次取食时间和取食总时间无明显变化,5龄幼虫一次取食时间和取食总时间明显增加。樗蚕幼虫在明暗条件下取食量没有显著性差异(P＞0.05),故明暗条件对其取食行为没有明显的影响。20℃-35℃时樗蚕幼虫的取食次数和时间比较接近,推测是其适宜的生活及取食温度范围;15℃时,幼虫的取食活动受到了一定的抑制;樗蚕幼虫不耐高温,在40℃时不取食,并导致死亡。在60%-90%RH的范围内,湿度对樗蚕幼虫的取食行为的影响不明显。4.思茅新木蛾(Neospastis simaona Wang)幼虫取食行为研究思茅新木蛾幼虫有筑巢现象,取食和防御以巢为中心。野外状态下,思茅新木蛾幼虫先吐丝将两片叶子粘起来,然后在两片叶子中间吐丝用粪便做巢。在室内饲养时,思茅新木蛾幼虫在叶子与培养皿壁之问做巢,巢的形态与野外状态下的相似。幼虫取食时从巢的两端钻出,多为身体的头胸部探出巢外进行取食,取食结束退回巢内,并重新用粪便将巢口封住。观察中还发现幼虫有先用口器将一块叶子沿一个弧度切下,然后将其放置在巢的一端进行取食的现象。思茅新木蛾幼虫从叶的两端向叶的中部取食。幼虫防御以巢为主,遇到惊扰退回巢内,当虫体暴露于巢外时,则会剧烈扭动身体进行防御。取食间隔期,幼虫会不断吐丝巩固巢。其取食为不连续取食,无明显取食高峰。幼虫的取食叶片形状多样化,有阳面食状、阴面食状、小孔状、大孔状、缘食状、掏食状、切叶状、长条状等8种取食状,无明显的对应性。思茅新木蛾4、5、6龄幼虫随龄期的增加,取食次数和取食总时间都随之增加,而一次取食时间无明显变化。幼虫在明暗条件下取食量没有显著性差异(P＞0.05),故明暗条件对其取食行为没有明显的影响。更多还原

【Abstract】 Based on species composition and diversity of insects located in Meihua Mountain Natural Reserve and Chongming National Forest Park,we choiced Schima superba Gardn et Champ and Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl as the target plants, and we researched the feeding behavior of their host insects Orthaga achatina Butler, Philosamia cynthia Walker et Felder and Neospastis simaona Wang.Based on field observation and experiment,we observed feeding behavior of three phytophagous insects,combined with the herbivory patterns,and influence factors to the feeding behavior.Then main results are provided as follows:1.Insect Biodiversity in Meihna Mountain Natural ReserveThe species composition and diversity of insects in five different habitats located in Meihua Mountain natural reserve were surveyed.Approximately 5000 specimens were collected and 193 species belonging to 14 orders,82 families were recognized. Shannon-weiner biodiversity index(H′),Pielou’ eveness(E)and Species richness(S) were adopted to analyze the insect diversity difference in different habitats.The results indicate that the richness,biodiversity index and eveness are distinctly different among different habitats.Coniferous-Broad Leaved Mixed Forest’s insect diversity and eveness are the highest,evergreen broad-leaved forest’ s insect richness are higher than others;and bamboo forest’s insect diversity,eveness and richness are the lowest.This is mainly related to the biological characteristics of insects and directly affected by habitat’s species and eveness.2.Larva Feeding Behavior of Orthaga achatina ButlerLarva of Orthaga achatina Butler’s feeding and defence are centre for its nest.In field,they nest many leaves together.Inside,they nest between the leaf and petri dish. During feeding it put its head outside the nest,when it was been interrupted it came back the nest immediately.When the larva is out of the nest,it will twists.A total of 8 herbivory patterns were found,including edge defoliation,leaf cutting,big perforation, small perforation,lower epidermis defoliation,upper epidermis defoliation, excavating defoliation and successive pinhole.The length of an active feeding time of the 3rd,4th and 5th instars larva of Orthaga achatina Butler have no significant difference,but total length of active feeding and active feeding times increased. Feeding activities of Orthaga achatina Butler 5th instar larvae were discontinuous, and generally displayed no circadian rhythm.There was not a significant relationship between the total feeding area in the dark and that in the day(P＞0.05).The larvae suitable temperature is from 25℃to 35℃.Larval feeding behavior have been inhibited in higher or lower temperature.Larval feeding behavior have no significant difference when the humidity change from 70%to 90%RH,but have been inhibited in 60%RH.3.Larva Feeding Behavior of Philosamia cynthia Walker et FelderIn field,larva of Philosamia cynthia Walker et Felder feed at leaf back.Their uropods grasp the leaf during the feeding.In the feeding gap and when it was been interrupted,the larvae were static.A total of 8 herbivory patterns were found, including edge defoliation,leaf cutting,excavating defoliation and top defoliation. Edge defoliation and excavating defoliation are mainly herbivory patterns.Feeding activities of Philosamia cynthia Walker et Felder 5th instar larvae were discontinuous, and generally displayed no circadian rhythm.Active feeding times of the 3rd,4th and 5th instars larva of Philosamia cynthia Walker et Felder have no significant difference. Total length of active feeding and the length of an active feeding have no significant change between the 3rd and 4th instars larva of Philosamia cynthia Walker et Felder, but Total length of active feeding and the length of an active feeding have a significant increased.There was no significant difference between the total feeding area in the dark and that in the day(P＞0.05).The length of active feeding and active feeding times of 5th instars larva of Philosamia cynthia Walker et Felder have no significant difference from 20℃to 35℃.Larval feeding behavior have been inhibited in 15℃,and stopped in 40℃.Larval feeding behavior have no significant difference when the humidity change from 60%to 90%RH.4.Larva Feeding Behavior of Neospastis simaona WangLarva of Neospastis simaona Wang’s feeding and defence are centre for its nest. In field,they nest between two leaves.Inside,they nest between the leaf and petri dish. During feeding it put its head outside the nest,when it was been interrupted it came back the nest immediately.They sometimes bite a piece of leaf,put it beside the nest, and then feed.In the feeding gap,the larvae are solidifying the nest.A total of 8 herbivory patterns were found,including edge defoliation,leaf cutting,big perforation, small perforation,lower epidermis defoliation,upper epidermis defoliation, excavating defoliation and striped defoliation.Active feeding times and total length of active feeding of the 3rd,4th and 5th instars larva of Neospastis simaona Wang increased with the growth of the larva,but the length of an active feeding has no difference.Neospastis simaona Wang larvae feeding from leaf’s two ends.Feeding activities of Neospastis simaona Wang 5th instar larvae were discontinuous,and generally displayed no circadian rhythm.There was no difference between the total feeding area in the dark and that in the day(P＞0.05).更多还原