矿产资源安全法律保障的研究

【作者】 高瑜；

【导师】 李希昆；

【作者基本信息】 昆明理工大学 ， 环境与资源保护法学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 建国以来,我国矿产资源勘查与开发利用虽然取得了巨大成就,但随着我国工业化、城镇化步伐加快,矿产资源面临着资源安全问题,不仅对经济社会发展的支持力度正呈下降趋势,同时由于供需总量失衡,后备储量的增长速度赶不上消耗的速度,与一些发达国家相比,中国矿产资源消耗强度要高出几倍乃至十几倍。种种情况表明,我国矿产资源面临着种种挑战。虽然针对矿产资源的保护,我国有《矿产资源法》和一系列的行政法规和部门规章,但对矿产资源安全的保护少之又少,造成了法律上的缺失。矿产资源的严峻形势,使法律必须重视对资源安全的保障。在此基础上,本文分析了资源安全与矿产资源安全的概念,同时对矿产资源安全法律保障进行研究,得出法律把资源安全纳入调整范围的必要性和可行性。主要工业化国家资源安全保护立法早,并已确立了资源安全战略和较为完备的资源安全国内法律保障体系;在矿产资源丰富的国家随着资源保护意识的加强,也制定了相应的法律法规,来维护本国的资源安全;经济转轨的国家在矿产资源保护方面,也制定了严格的法律、法规,充分发挥市场机制在实现资源安全上的作用。虽然各个国家根据自己的社会经济发展特点,采取不同的政策和措施来实现矿产资源安全的保护,但归结起来主要有三种方式:一是借助严格的环境保护政策限制矿产开发,如美国;二是制定具体的矿产资源保护政策和法规,如俄罗斯;三是通过经济手段来达到矿产资源安全保护的目的,如日本。通过比较研究可以得出有利于我国保护矿产资源安全的借鉴,例如制定具有可操作性的法律法规,完善相关法律制度,加强矿业开发的法制监督等。完善我国矿产资源安全的法律保障,首先是要完善矿产资源安全的相关立法及法律体系,包括修改《矿产资源法》及其配套规定、填补法律空白、构建一个完备的矿产资源安全法律体系等内容。其次是实施保障矿产资源安全的制度体系,包括健全矿产资源有偿使用制度,建立矿产资源储备制度,建立公众参与制度等。再次,要完善矿产资源安全的行政管理,完善资源安全执法,健全资源安全管理体制,同时还要加大资源安全的法制宣传。最后,完善矿产资源安全的法律责任,即完善矿产资源安全的民事、行政及刑事责任。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since the foundation of new China, great achievements have been made in the fields of mineral resource prospecting and exploration in the nation. However, as industrialization and urbanization speed up in the country, issues also emerge in resource security, which draws back its support to economy development, meanwhile, due to imbalance between need and supply, the growing speed of spare reserves are behind that of consumption. Comparing with developed countries, mineral consumption in China is times or even over ten times higher than them. All kinds of circumstances reveal that we are facing great challenges in mineral resources. In accordance with the protection of mineral resources, although we have Mineral Resource Law as well as a series of administrative rules and ministry regulations, protections as regard to mineral resources security are simply rare, which resulted the legal absence. Serious situation in mineral resource, calls for greater attention to resource security from the legal angle of view. Based on this, this article analyzes the definition of resource security and mineral resource security, and further researches on the legal protections of mineral resource security, finally comes to the conclusion that it is necessary and inevitable to adjust the laws and regulations as regard to resource security.Major developed countries are early in national resource security, who have established resource security strategies and relatively complete domestic legal protection system of resource security; Countries that have abundant mineral resources, as the growing concept of resource protection, corresponding laws and regulations are being framed, to safeguard the security of their national resources; Economically transitioning countries also instituted strict laws and regulations as regard to mineral resource protection, which leveraging the market system to realize the goal of resource security. Although different countries are adopting different policies according to their own situations, to safeguard the security of mineral resources, however, three modes can be summed up among them: The first mode is to limit the mineral development by strict resource protection policies, such as in the United States; the second one is to promulgate specific mineral protection policies, laws and regulations, i.e. in Russia; The third mode is to achieve the goal of mineral resource protection by economy means, for example, in Japan. By comparison and research on these, favorable references to safeguard national mineral security in China can be found, for instance, establish maneuverable laws and regulations, consummate related legal systems, strengthen the legal supervision of mineral exploration.To perfect the legal protection of mineral resource security in China, it is in priority that the legislation and law system be consummated, including amending the Mineral Resource Law and accessory regulations, filling in the legal blanks, constructing a comprehensive legal system of mineral resources. Secondly, market systems of mineral resources shall be improved, including reinforce compensated utilization system, establishing reserves system of mineral resource s, building public participation system. Furthermore, administrative management shall be intensified, executive basis shall be supplemented, management mechanism of resource security shall be be fortified, and simultaneously, legal publicizing of resource security shall be intensified. Finally, legal liabilities of mineral resource security shall be consummated, i.e., civil, administrative, and criminal liabilities of mineral resource security.更多还原