【作者】 翟伟峰；

【导师】 许林书；

【作者基本信息】 东北师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 齐齐哈尔市典型黑土区是以黑土和黑钙土两种土类为主的人为划定区域。由于长期不合理的开发利用,导致该区土壤侵蚀严重,生态环境恶化,并制约了当地经济和社会的可持续发展。这就要求我们必须加强土壤侵蚀研究以减缓黑土流失的恶化趋势。为了防治土壤侵蚀,需要深入开展土壤侵蚀过程及其环境效应评价的定量研究,土壤侵蚀预报模型就是进行这种研究最为有效的手段和方式。作为土壤侵蚀预报模型中主要参数的土壤可蚀性因子K是表征土壤性质对侵蚀作用敏感程度的指标,是进行土壤侵蚀定量评价的依据。对土壤可蚀性K值的研究和准确估算是建立土壤侵蚀预报模型的基础和前提。本文就是将土壤可蚀性因子K作为研究对象,借鉴美国通用土壤流失方程(USLE)的设计思路,通过野外观测和实验分析的方式,研究土壤可蚀性,估算土壤可蚀性K值。并力图把研究成果应用于开发土壤侵蚀预报模型的过程中,为齐齐哈尔市典型黑土区的水土保持与生态建设提供基础资料和科学依据。本研究以分布于齐齐哈尔市典型黑土区内的克山县、拜泉县和甘南县的径流侵蚀小区为平台,应用USLE标准小区实测法、诺谟公式法、回归分析法、定量统计模型法和GIS方法对该区土壤可蚀性K值问题进行了系统研究。具体研究内容如下:(1)小区法实测与公式法估算同一土壤的可蚀性K值。三个试验基地径流侵蚀小区分布土壤的实测K值与估算K值分别是:克山县泥砂土土种(属于黑土亚类)0.2205和0.1999;拜泉县棕泥砂土土种(属于黑土亚类)0.3101和0.2774;甘南县油锈黑黄土土种(属于草甸黑钙土亚类)0.3196和0.3061。K值单位:sht·ac·h/(100ac·ft·sht·in)。(2)回归分析法修正诺谟公式。通过对实测K值与估算K值进行相关分析和回归分析,建立了线性回归模型y=0.9823x+0.0269,由此关系式得出修正诺谟公式:(3)定量统计模型法估算未实测土壤的可蚀性K值。应用修正诺谟公式,估算出研究区所有分布土种的可蚀性K值,用面积加权平均依次得到相应土壤亚类、土类、乃至整个齐齐哈尔市典型黑土区的土壤可蚀性K值。黑土土类0.2410,黑钙土土类0.2405,典型黑土区0.2408。K值单位:sht·ac·h/(100ac·ft·sht·in)。(4)GIS方法编制K值分布图。将土壤底图应用ARCVIEW进行数字化,以研究区土壤亚类K值数据为基础,将其赋到土壤图上,得到该区可蚀性K值空间分布图。更多还原

【Abstract】 The typical black soil zone of Qiqihar city, which mainly consists of black soil and chernozem, is the compartmentalized zone. The soil in this zone, however, is facing serious erosion problem and the ecosystem is deteriorating because of mankind long-term unreasonable development and utilization, which has restricted the sustaining development of the local economy and society. It is, therefore, imperative for us to strengthen the soil erosion research in order to decelerate the loss of the black soil. In order to preventing the soil erosion, it is necessary to conduct a quantitative study on the process of soil erosion and the appraisal of its environment effects, and soil prediction model is the most efficient means. The soil erodibility factor K, as the primary parameter of soil erosion prediction model, is the index to indicate the sensitivity degree of soil features to the erosion, and is the basis of soil erosion quantitative appraisal. The research and exact estimate is the foundation and premise of building soil erosion prediction model. This thesis, taking the soil erodibility factor K as the research object, studies soil erosion, and estimate the soil erodibility K value , by means of field observation and experiment analysis referring to American current USLE. It takes great efforts to apply the research results to the process of developing the soil erosion prediction model, and provide the basic data and the scientific foundation for the water and soil reservation in the typical black soil zone of Qiqihar City.In this research, the author takes the runoff erosion plots as the objects of which distributes in Ke Shan county, Bai Quan county, and Gan Nan county in the typical black soil zone of Qiqihar city. The methods of USLE, Nomogram Formula, Regression Analysis, Quantitative Statistic Model and GIS are utilized to study systemically the soil erodibility K value of Qiqihar city typical black soil zone. The specific contents of this research are the following:(1)Soil erodibility K value is estimated by USLE and the formulas. The measured and estimated erodibility K values of the runoff erosion areas in the three experiment bases are respectively that the clay in Ke Shan county (black soil subclasses) is 0.2205 and 0.1999; the brown clay in Bai Quan (black soil subclasses) is 0.3101and 0.2774; the Rust and oil black Loess in Gan Nan county (Meadow chernozem subclasses)is 0.3196 and 0.3061. The unit of K value is sht·ac·h/(100ac·ft·sht·in).(2)Repaired Nomogram Formula by Regression Analysis. The monistic linear regression model y=0.9823x+0.0269, is worked out from relative analysis and regression analysis on the basis of the measured value and the estimated value. The repaired Nomogram Formula is (3)K value of the unmeasured soil is estimated by the method of quantitative statistic model. The erodibility K value of all the research areas is estimated by applying the repaired Nomogram Formula. The erodibility K values of the relative soil subclasses, soil types, and the whole typical black soil zone in Qiqihar city are obtained in turn by weighted average area method. The erodibility K value of the black soil type is 0.2410, Chernozem types is 0.2405, typical black soil zone is 0.2408. The unit of K value is sht·ac·h/(100ac·ft·sht·in).(4)The production of K value distribution map by the method of GIS. The basemap of the soil is digitalized by ARCVIEW, and is put in the soil map on the basis of the K value data of the soil subcategory in the experiment areas, by which the K value spacial distribution map of the typical black soil zone in Qiqihar city is produced.更多还原