【作者】 刘军；

【导师】 熊康宁； 彭贤伟；

【作者基本信息】 贵州师范大学 ， 自然地理学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 土地资源是最主要的自然资源,它不仅是任何物质生产不可替代的生产资料,也是人类生存和发展必需的物质条件。土地利用方式的好坏直接关系到人类发展的前途。贵州省特殊的地质和自然地理条件决定了其土地资源类型及其分布规律。全省山地占61.7%,丘陵占30.8%,平地仅占7.5%,可有效利用的土地面积占的比重很小,土地资源非常宝贵。但是,近年来由于土地开垦过度,土地利用不合理,水土保持不到位,贵州省土地石漠化非常严重,土壤遭受侵蚀,土地退化,基岩大面积裸露,形成类似荒漠化的现象,自然生态不断恶化严重威胁到当地经济的发展和人民的生活。因此针对贵州喀斯特石漠化地区开展土地利用的调查,研究其动态变化和土地利用效果,积极寻求一套适合喀斯特石漠化地区的土地优化模式是一项非常紧迫的任务。本文针对贵州喀斯特石漠化生态综合治理项目区,从区域位置上,分别选取贵州喀斯特石漠化三个示范区(清镇红枫湖示范区、关岭—贞丰花江示范区、毕节鸭池示范区),首先,通过收集三个示范区土地变化前后的基本数据,运用土地变化数学模型,探讨和分析其土地利用结构特征与动态变化。其次,在对示范区土地利用现状结构进行对比的基础上,运用层次分析法,采取定性与定量的方式,对三个示范区的土地利用效果进行总体评价,以判断各示范区土地利用的合理性。再次,针对土地利用评价所暴露的土地利用当中存在的问题,建立结构优化模型,着重从土地利用的经济、社会、生态效益出发,对土地资源进行优化配置,设计各种限制因素,以经济效益最大化为目标,采用线性规划方法计算出各类用地的具体数量指标.并以地貌形态为划分依据进行分区,以设定的优化方案为标准,针对不同的示范区采取不同的土地利用模式做为实施路径,以期最终达到土地优化利用效果。最后对示范区的土地利用目标构建与发展方向进行比较。通过本文研究主要得出了以下结论:(1)示范区土地利用主要以农用地为主,10年间,土地利用结构变化较大,表现为建设用地和林地增加幅度较大,耕地下降速度较快;示范区土地利用结构变化具有明显的政策性。国家实施西部大开发战略,加大了对西部地区的投入力度,实行以生态建设为先导,退耕还林、还草的政策,调整和优化农业用地结构。受此影响示范区的土地开发和利用的程度加剧以及生态环保力度加强,这主要表现在一方面建设用地和园地的增加,另一方面植树造林和退耕还林面积逐年加大,以致林地增加和耕地减少;示范区土地利用变化的驱动因素在宏观上大致是相同的,即是这些因素共同作用的结果。如经济发展、农业产业结构调整、人口增长、政策驱动、科技驱动等。(2)近几年示范区逐步实施退耕还林还草、水土保持、水利设施、交通、农民生产技能培训以及土地利用调整等项目,推动了示范区生态重建和社会经济的发展,区内的生态环境、社会经济条件得到较大的改善,土地利用逐步进入快速、稳定的发展时期。但示范区土地利用效果在改善的同时,依然存在问题和不足,其土地利用的限制性因素主要有:①耕地比重过大,林地、草地比重过小,森林覆盖率低;②耕地面积少,适宜性差,质量低,绝大部分为旱地,受水资源限制作用明显;③土地利用率较低,利用结构不合理,集约化程度不高;④土地利用的市场指导性不强,未能充分发挥地区优势;⑤土地利用缺乏清晰的科学规划,土地用途的确立随意性较大。(3)土地利用优化模式的构建应从土地利用的经济、社会、生态效益出发,将土地利用的现状结构与优化结构相比较,优化方案应具有经济合理性和可行性、政策约束性等特点,并能够较好地发挥当地自然资源和社会经济资源优势,实现经济、社会、生态效益的协调统一。在进行示范区土地利用优化模式构建的过程中,必须研究示范区自然地理因素的区域差异和垂直分异规律,在进行示范区土地利用效果评价的基础上,才能最终设计出科学的、具有可操作性的、适合当地情况的土地利用优化模式。市场对示范区土地利用模式的构建具有重要的指导作用。生态环保、土地制度是示范区土地利用优化模式构建的重要约束条件。更多还原

【Abstract】 Land resources is the most important natural resources. It is not only a means of production that any material production can irreplace, but also the necessary material conditions of human survival and development. Land use patterns will have a direct bearing on the future of human development. The special geological and geographical condition of Guizhou Province is the final decision of its land resources’types and distribution. 61.7% of the province are mountains, and 30.8 percent is hills, only 7.5 percent is plains. The proportion of the effective land area is very small, the land resources is very valuable.However, in recent years, the overuse and inefficient use of cultivated land, the worse condition of soil & water conservation, all of these made the rocky desertification of land in Guizhou become serious. Soil erosion, land degradation and large area of exposed bedrock form a similar phenomenon of desertification. The deterioration of natural ecology threat to local economic development and people’s lives seriously. Thus, a land-use survey to the Karst rocky desertification region of Guizhou, which is to study the dynamic changes and the effects of land use, and to seek a suitable optimization model to the land of Karst rocky desertification region actively, is a very urgent task.Therefore this paper in view of karst rocky desertification in Guizhou, depends on the comprehensive rehabilitation program of ecological environment and selects three demonstration areas (Qingzhen,Guanling—Zhenfeng, Bijie) in Guizhou as the research objects. Firstly, we collect the basic data of land change around of three demonstration areas, using land change mathematical model to discuss and analyze land the utilization structural feature and the dynamic change. Secondly, on the contrast to the demonstration area land utilization structure, applying the analytic hierarchy process and using the qualitative and quantitative analysis, we carry on the overall appraisal to the effects of three demonstration areas’land utilization to judge the rationality of demonstration area’s land utilization. Thirdly, due to all these problems above, the land resources allocation have been optimized by establishing the structure optimal model. Starting with the economy, the society and the ecological benefits of the land utilization’s, we designs all kinds of limiting factors and then works out the numerical indexes for every kind of land use type aiming at the maximizing the economic benefits. and taking the landform shape as the division basis to carry on the districts.We take the established optimization plan as a standard and adopt the different land utilization pattern in view of the different demonstration areas as the implementation way, aiming at the effect of the land optimization use in the end. Finally, it carries on the comparison to the goal construction and development direction with the demonstration areas’land utilization. Through Studying, this article mainly draws the following conclusions: (1)Agricultural land is the mainly type of land utilization in the demonstration area. During the ten years. The structure of land use changed a lot, it is representing that the construction land and woodland is increasing greatly and the cultivated land is declining quickly. The change of the demonstration areas’land use structure is provided with obvious behavior of policy. That is because our country carried out the Western Development, and enlarged to the investment in western area, implemented the leading of the ecological construction, practiced the policy of returning farmland to forest and grassland, adjusted and optimized the cultivated land structure. The developing and using extent of the demonstration areas’land picks up and the ecological protection strength reinforces. It is the response of two facts, one is the construction land and garden plot increasing; the other is planting trees and returning grain plots to forestry area more and more increasing. At last the forestry land is increasing and the cultivated land is inducing. The driven factor of the land use in demonstration area is almost equality on the macroscopical factor. The result is caused by these factors such as economic development、structure adjustment of agricultural industry、the growth of population、policy driving、science and technology driving and so on.(2)Returning farmland to forest and grassland、soil and water conservation、water conservancy facilities、traffic、the farmers’production skills training and the land use adjustment practiced step and step during the recent years, it promoted the development of the demonstration areas’ecological reconstruction and society-economy. The ecological environment and the society-economy condition have been changed a lot and the land use comes into the period of speediness and stability. There are some questions and disadvantages on the demonstration areas while the land utility efficiency improves. The restrictive factors land use contain:①land large specific gravity gap of the cultivated land , small specific gravity gap of forestry land and grass land, the low covering rate of forest;②the lack of the cultivated land, the ineffective of the suitability, the low of the quality, and most of the land is the dry land. so it is apparently restricted by the water source;③the lower of the land use rate, the unsuitable of the use structure, the low-rise degree of intension;④the market guidance of the land use is not strong, so it cannot sufficiently exert the superior industries;⑤there is not a clear scientific programming on the land use. The arbitrary of the using land is very large.(3) The optimization models’construction of land use departs from the land use’s economy、society、the ecological benefits. Compared with the actual structure, the optimizing project is reasonable and feasible and it can meet the requirement of carrying capacity and take full advantage of the natural resources and social resources in demonstration areas and achieve a unification of economical, social and ecological benefits. During the process of the construction on optimization model of the land use in the demonstration area, we must study the area difference of the natural geography factors on the demonstration and the vertical variation. On the basis of the effect evaluation of the land use, we can design the optimization model which is scientific, operative and suitable to the local land use condition. The market has an important guidance to the construction of the land use model on the demonstration. The ecological protection and the land policy are the important qualifications to the optimization model.更多还原