【作者】 孙红霞；

【导师】 祝增荣；

【作者基本信息】 浙江大学 ， 植物保护， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 草莓(Fragaria ananassa Duch)是蔷薇科草莓属多年生草本植物,在园艺上属浆果类果树,草莓外观呈心形,其色鲜艳粉红,果肉多汁,营养丰富,含有大量的维生素C,并散发出甜甜的芳香。近年来我国草莓产业发展迅速,成为部分省市的支柱产业,但草莓的生产过程中却遭到一系列的病虫害的危害,如蚜虫、粉虱、叶螨等,它们除了直接危害草莓之外,还会传播一些病毒病,严重影响草莓最终的产量和品质,时常还会遭到斜纹夜蛾的毁灭性攻击,这些都是草莓生产中的顽疾。本研究在草莓苗圃期系统观察的基础上,通过对大棚生产期的草莓上主要节肢动物群落(多样性、动态、分布)动态变化的监测,了解草莓上主要虫害的发生高峰期和空间分布型等,同时提出虫害调查抽样方法及测报调查技术规范,取得以下一些研究结果:(1)草莓上节肢动物的物种数、总个体数在所调查的南区和北区两个大棚的中变化趋势都非常相似,但南区大棚的绝对数量明显高于北区大棚,两个大棚中种群多样性指数变幅较大,Shannon-Wiener指数H’整体上后期较前期高,Simpson指数D,均匀性指数E和种间相遇概率PIE变化趋势与H′的基本一致。草莓上调查的节肢动物中植食者的数量占有绝对的优势,约占总个体数的47.6%,天敌的数量最少,仅占10%左右。草莓上的优势种群主要为植食者中的烟粉虱、蓟马和桃蚜,其中烟粉虱的数量占绝对优势,达到42.7%,三种蓟马总和约占总数的21.9%,桃蚜占10%左右。(2)草莓上的主要节肢动物可分为植食者、腐食者和天敌三类。植食者中的粉虱和桃蚜的季节性发生动态都属于前峰型,发生高峰期都在定植初期(10-12月);蓟马则属于后峰型,主要在草莓开花坐果期(4-5月)大肆危害。捕食性天敌和寄生性天敌的数量虽少,但总体变化趋势仍然与植食者具有较好的一致性。草莓植株叶片调查和黄色粘虫板诱集两种方法调查到的大棚草莓上的主要昆虫种群是一致的,草莓生长前期危害数量较多种群主要为烟粉虱、桃蚜等,后期主要为叶螨。(3)斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)低龄幼虫在草莓上的空间分布型是聚集分布,中高龄幼虫则呈现为随机分布或均匀分布,受害叶片和受害率在田间的总的分布情况为聚集分布。Iwao的M-m回归分析法Taylor幂法则都显示低龄幼虫的基本成分是聚集分布的,在一切密度下均是聚集的,且具密度依赖性;而中高龄幼虫则是基本成分是均匀分布的,且密度越高种群分布越均匀。(4)蚜虫也是草莓上的主要害虫之一,通过传统的空间分布型的分析方法与地理统计学相结合,更好的分析大棚草莓上桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)的空间分布情况。分析结果显示:蚜虫主要成聚集分布,克立格插值模拟显示出大棚中蚜虫的各个聚集中心,但空间自相关分析结果却表明蚜虫的这种聚集分布与空间的相关性不显著。(5)建立了草莓苗圃、大棚生产期桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)、神泽叶螨Tetranychus kanzawai、斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura(Fabricius)的测报调查规范,为主害种群的发生始盛期、盛期、盛末期以及发生程度等的预测提供标准化的取样、数据输入和处理规范,还建立了数据输入和自动报表生成系统。更多还原

【Abstract】 The strawberry, Fragaria ananassa Duch has been one of the most favorable fruits since it has aroma volatiles, sweet taste and full of vitamine C. Especially during the annual Chinese Spring Festivals, a time gap of fresh fruit supply, strawberry fruit becomes high-grade goods for celebrations. In order to fill the strawberry market, the production of strawberry has been developing fastly recently, bringing a large number of strawberry and a lot of job opporunities. At the mean while, the high intensive production has been significantly reduced by the disease and insect pests, such as the gray mold Botrytis cinerea, green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer), whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) and so on. It will be more efficient to take measures against the disease and insect pests if we fully understood the occurrence of the dominant pest species with their dynamic communities.In this study, the sticky yellow boards together with randomly strawberry plant sampling method were used to investigate the composition and seasonal dynamics of biodiversity of arthropod community in plastic screenhouse strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.). The seasonal population dynamics of the main insect herbivores, predators, parasitoids and detritivores were described. The spatial distribution patterns of some key insect pests were specially surveyed and analysed, and finally, the field sampling criterions for forecast purpose for three main insect species were proposed. The main results are summarized as follow:1. The investigation on arthropod community in plastic greenhouse strawberry showed that the arthropod biodiversity indices, the numbers of species and individuals were higher in Autumn and Spring, with main peaks around the end of October. Shannon-Wiener H’ index, Evenness and Simpson index fluctuated in a small range. Most of the arthropods sampled were herbivores, accounting for 47.6 % of the total individuals, and the natural enemy the least (about 10%). The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), the western flower thrip Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) were the dominant species in the community through the whole strawberry season.2. The population dynamics of the insects could be classified as 3 patterns: mono-peak patterns in early-season aroung Autumn and in late-season around Spring, respectively, and di-peak pattern in early- and in late-season. The whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) had a typical mono-peak pattern in early-season, the Frankliniella occidentalis showed as a typical mono-late-peak pattern. While some of non-straberry feeders, e.g. Laodelphax striatellus, and aphid-predators, etc., showed as di-peak pattern, corresponding to the migration activitiy, and host aphid abudance in the Automn and Spring, respectively. The seasonal population dynamics of the dominant species in both northern and southern greenhouse were similar in some way, although the absolute density differed significantly. In the northern strawberry greenhouse, there were a large number of whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in greenhouse C and green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and Tetranychus kanzawai in greenhouse A.3. The common cutworm Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) has been one of the most destructive insect pests in the early stage of plastic greenhouse strawberry in Zhejiang, China. To understand the spatial distribution pattern of S. litura in the strawberry field, the densities of the small larvae, the middle-large larvae, damaged leaves were exclusively sampled in the transplanted strawberry greenhouse field. Three methods of aggregated indices, Taylor’s power law and Iwao’s regression analysis of M-m were used to test the distribution patterns. The results showed the small larvae, the number of damaged leaves and the percentage of damaged leaves belong to the aggregated distribution, while the middle-large larvae belong to either random distribution or even distribution.4. The spatial distribution pattern of the green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) in the transplanted greenhouse strawberry field was investigated and the rusult showed that the nymphs together with the adult aphids performed as aggregated distribution pattern. While analysed with spatial autocorrelation analysis, there was little distinctive relationship to spatial location. In order to better understand the distribution of the green peach aphid, the spatial density map was drawn using the Kiriging input values and several high-density centers were discovered.5. On the basis of long-term seasonal sampling and investigation, the population sampling criterions for forecast of Myzus persicae (Sulzer), Tetranychus kanzawai Kishida, and Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) were proposed. The main components in the sampling criterions include the sampling plans and methodologies on densities of nymphs/larvae and adults, damage ranking, data recording forms, data-importing, analysis and auto-reporting.更多还原