【作者】 李广益；

【导师】 解志熙；

【作者基本信息】 清华大学 ， 中国现当代文学， 2007， 硕士

【副题名】清末民初文学乌托邦研究

【摘要】 文学乌托邦是一种特殊的文本:作为乌托邦,它包含着深刻的社会思想;作为文学作品,它具有鲜明的审美内涵。清末民初的文学乌托邦,一方面反映了当时中国社会的现实,表达了时人对社会的认识和以之为基础的社会理想,与思想史诸命题紧密相联,另一方面,作为清末民初文学嬗变的一部分,这类作品既响应了“小说界革命”的整体号召,又体现了中外乌托邦传统的传承变迁。本文在文献整理的基础上,对清末民初文学乌托邦的来龙去脉进行了比较详细的梳理。首先,中国古代乌托邦源远流长,是后世乌托邦创作的文学文化渊源;其次,近代以《百年一觉》为代表的现代文学乌托邦提供了直接的文本示范;再次,晚清危急时局中知识分子对富国强兵的期待形成了强大的心理动力。这些因素汇集起来,促成梁启超在理论和创作两方面弘扬乌托邦精神。经由晚清“小说界革命”和“新小说”的繁荣,文学乌托邦蔚为大观:多位思想界、文学界重要人物执笔为之,多部价值重大的文学乌托邦作品现身文坛。文学乌托邦完成了现代化,并形成一个较有影响的创作序列,绵延至今,不断演绎着中国人的理想。此外,本文对民族国家这一主导了清末民初文学乌托邦的理想在相关作品中的表现进行了分析。清末民初文学乌托邦从国际竞争的现实需要出发,鼓吹建立现代民族国家,在此基础上生发出改造宗族、个人的要求;与此同时,部分作品把民族主义精神和中国古代的天下主义传统结合起来,设计了先求中国强盛再进世界大同的理想之路。清末民初文学乌托邦表达的民族主义诉求具有现实的合理性和鼓舞民众团结奋斗的积极意义,其世界主义理想更体现了中国人和中华文明的博大胸怀;但同样是在这些作品中,对当时中国人影响甚大的社会达尔文主义、种族主义、文化自大主义等狭隘落后、今人应当警惕抵制的思想显露无遗。更多还原

【Abstract】 Literary utopias are a kind of special texts: As utopias, they contain profound social thoughts; as literary works, they are rich in aesthetic value. In regard to late Ching and early Republic literary utopias, on the one hand, they reflect the social reality of China of that time, expressing contemporaries’comprehension of the society. On the other hand, as a part of the literary transformation in late Ching and early Republic, these works not only respond to the Revolution of Novel, but also represent the continuance and change of the tradition of Chinese and foreign utopias.On the basis of documentary work, this paper makes a detailed description of late Ching and early Republic literary utopias. First, ancient Chinese utopias, with a long history, form a cultural and literary tradition; Second, modern literary utopias, in which Looking Backward, 2000-1887 was the most famous in late Ching China, provide direct textual models; Third, worrying about the hard times in late Ching, Chinese intellectuals were all eager for a prosperous and powerful China, and such hope motivated them to read and write utopias. All above ended in Liang Qichao’s carrying forward of the spirit of utopia both in novel theory and novel writing. Thanks to the Revolution of Novel in late Ching and the booming of New Novel, literary utopias had a great development: several important thinkers and writers composed literary utopias, and several valuable literary utopias came out. It is in this period that Chinese literary utopias achieved its modernization and began an influential succession which continues till now. Utopias in the succession exhibit the ideals of Chinese in different times.In addition, this paper analyzes the representation of nation-state, the ideal which dominates late Ching and early Republic literary utopias. Owing to the reality of international competition, these utopias works demand founding of a modern nation-state, then call for necessary reformation of clans and individuals; at the same time, combining the spirit of nationalism and ancient Chinese cosmopolitanism, some works conceive an access to ideal in which human beings achieve a world in great harmony after China has rebuilt its glory. The pursuit of nationalism represented in the late Ching and early Republic literary utopias is reasonable at that time, and these works should be admired for they encourage the people to strive for a wonderful new country. However, they should also be criticized for those biases clearly expressed, including social Darwinism, racialism, cultural chauvinism, etc.更多还原