【作者】 何秋菊；

【导师】 王丽琴；

【作者基本信息】 西北大学 ， 考古学及博物馆学， 2008， 硕士

【摘要】 由于制作材料、工艺的局限及外界环境因素的影响,油饰彩画一般只能保持50年左右的时间。木基材含水率直接影响到地仗层与油饰彩画层结构的稳定性,含水率过高将导致地仗开裂、空臌、剥落等。油饰彩画材料及工艺的质量问题则会引起地仗强度不够而出现开裂、脱落,颜料、金箔或铜箔易于褪色、变色。当油饰彩画绘成后,会因受到温湿度周期变化、日晒雨漂、积尘污染等旷日持久的侵蚀作用而发生风化。深入探讨油饰彩画风化原因以及机理,掌握其基本病变的内在机制,是选择有效的保护措施进行科学保护修复的关键。本课题分两部分:第一部分揭示不同木基材含水率及不同地仗制作工艺的影响。实验遵循传统材料、工艺制备一麻五灰和单披灰地仗模拟样板,进行温湿度交替实验,对比同一环境中油饰彩画的劣变程度。结果表明,含水率小于19%的一麻五灰地仗样板稳定性较好;含水率较高的样板随温湿度交替变化,油饰层出现起泡、臌起,彩画层而表现为龟裂;总的来说油饰的耐候性好于彩画。第二部分揭示外界环境因素的影响程度和风化机理。模拟光照、温度、湿度、烟熏、降尘、降雨等环境参数对一麻五灰地仗样板油饰彩画风化的影响,并对风化程度及产物进行无损或微损的仪器检测分析。结果表明,紫外光辐射对油饰彩画的影响最大,烟熏和酸性降雨的影响次之,高温及大气降尘的影响较大,湿度影响最小。综合对比各环境下颜料的稳定性发现樟丹、银朱、朱砂、群青易于褪变色,石绿、铅白褪变色程度较小。群青、石绿易于脱落,铅白、朱砂、石黄等不易脱落。首次在模拟樟丹紫外光老化实验中得到赭黑色的变色产物PbO₂,不存在铅白这一中间过渡变色产物。研究还表明古建彩画中,群青含胶量最少、石绿次之,而银朱、朱砂含胶量比例最大,这是蓝绿色易掉的主要原因。且群青折射率很低,遮盖力弱,颜料涂层相对较厚;群青易溶于水,故吸胶性强,对基层的附着力非常薄弱。紫外光谱研究表明,紫外光照、高温、高湿均可促使光油274.6nm处吸收降低,使光油部分共轭双键发生氧化降解。更多还原

【Abstract】 Due to the limitations of materials or technology and the effects of environmental factors, painting and colored drawing can only maintain about 50 years generally.Wood moisture contents directly affect the structure stability of plaster and painting and colored drawing. For example, excessive wood moisture will lead plaster to cracking and spalling. The quality problems of painting and colored drawing materials and technology can also make plaster cracking and spalling. Some inferior pigments and gold or copper foils easily fade and change color. Painting and colored drawing will be deteriorated, when explosured to temperature and humidity changing periodicly, insolating or rain bleaching and dust pollution for long times and so on.To study the weathering reasons and mechanism of painting and colored drawing and grasp the inherent mechanism of basic deterioration is the key to choose effective protection measures for scientific conservation and restoration. The issue is divided into two parts.The effects of different wood moisture contents and different plaster technologys were discussed in the first part. One flax and five plaster and single plaster samples were prepared according to traditional technique for alternating temperature and humidity tests. Then the deterioration degrees of samples in the same ageing environment were compared.The results showed that one flax and five plaster samples whose wood moisture content was less than 19% had better stability. Among high wood moisture contents samples, colored oil appeared upswelling and paintings becomed cracking by temperature and humidity changing periodicly. Totally, weather resistance of colored oil was better than that of painting.The effects degrees and weathering mechanism of environmental factors were discussed in the second part. The weathering effects of ultraviolet light, temperature, humidity, smoky, dust and rain on one flax and five plaster samples were investigated and deterioration degrees and weathering products were detected and analyzed by non-destructive or less - destructive methods. The results showed that UVB irradiation had the most effects to painting and colored drawing, then the more effects were smoky and acid rain, the following were high temperature and dust, while humidity had the least effects. Through comprehensive comparison of the stability of pigments under different environments, it was found that the color of lead oxide, mercury sulfide, cinnabar and Ultramarine were easier to fade and change color, while malachite green and lead white were more stable. Ultramarine and malachite green were easy to spall, however lead white, cinnabar, arsenic sulfide orpiment and other pigments were difficult to loss. PbO₂ was found during lead oxide UVB irradiation experiment for the first time, and there was no middling product lead white. The study also indicated that ultramarine used in Chinese ancient architecture had been mixed with the least amount of glues, malachite green had a little more, and mercury sulfide and cinnabar had the most amount of glues. It’s the main reason why blue or green pigments are swapping easily. Futhermore, the retraction ratio of ultramarine is low, so its covering character is weak and pigment coating is thicker relatively, besides it is easy to dissolved in water, so it can absorb glue strongly and at last its adhesion ability to plaster is not good. UV spectra showed that absorbtion of tung oil at wavelength of 274.6nm were decreased in UVB light, high temperature and humidity.更多还原