沪甬两港合作竞争战略探究

【作者】 余科辉；

【导师】 宋炳良；

【作者基本信息】 上海海事大学 ， 企业管理， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 竞争的涵义是指经济主体在市场上为实现自身的经济利益和既定目标而不断进行的角逐过程。经济学家和管理学家对于竞争的研究从未间断过,在不同阶段出现了不同的竞争理论。本文引入新经济条件下的合作竞争理论,即企业间基于“双赢”基础通过有意识的相互合作去求得单纯竞争所得不到的经营效果的行为。就港口行业而言,经济全球化和航运联盟的趋势要求港口之间建立合作竞争的战略。船舶大型化和多式联运的发展也对港口间的竞争产生了很大的影响。为了争夺更多的货源、吸引更多的船公司挂靠,在同一区域内的港口之间展开了激烈的竞争。所有这些因素都驱使港口之间实行合作竞争战略。面对这一背景,国内两大港口上海港和宁波港的合作竞争问题成为摆在我们面前的一项重要课题,本文对此进行了积极有益的探索。上海港和宁波港作为我国的两个大型港口,各自具有自己的优劣势。通过两港的SWOT对比分析,我们发现两港在很多方面存在着互补性,其中一方的优势往往就是另一方的劣势,这也在一定程度为两港的合作奠定了基础。通过合作竞争的理论基础博弈论的分析,我们得出结论,对沪甬两港双方而言,实行合作竞争战略获得的效益,比起不实行合作竞争战略所获的效益要远远大的多。而通过分析合作竞争对沪甬两地港口企业的现实意义,进一步证明了实行合作竞争战略对于沪甬两港的重要意义。然而,通过分析上海港和宁波港的合作竞争现状,我们可以发现,当前沪甬两港的合作更多地停留在政府行政手段的层面上,而并不是企业在运营层面的积极参与。由于行政区划不同以及地方保护主义的存在,即便在新的港口管理体制下,“强政弱企”现象的出现,导致了政府对港口企业做出过多的干预,其结果使得两港合作出现了一些问题。因此,政府应更多地放权给企业,对港口企业仅仅提供必要的服务和一定的支持,而不是去强行推动甚至指挥企业做些什么。而就港口企业而言,要从企业运营的层面积极主动的参与。具体到操作层面,就是要找到合适的战略实施途径。借鉴国内外港口合作的成功案例,我们发现,战略联盟作为合作竞争的重要形式,可以分为资产参与型和非资产参与型两大类。从联盟的有效性来分析,前者要远远大于后者。当行政手段不能达到良好效果的时候,走资产参与型的战略联盟将会是沪甬两港双方合作竞争战略的重要实施途径。沪甬两地的港口企业应该积极主动地冲出本市,实施跨区港口企业间的合资联营、收购兼并等资本扩展,以资本为纽带,走资产参与型战略联盟道路,加强双方的联结,以达到真正的合作互补,实行双赢。更多还原

【Abstract】 Competition is the meaning of the ongoing competition process of the main economic players in the market to achieve its own economic interests and objectives. The research of economists and management experts for the competition has never been stopped, and different kinds of competition theories appear in various stages. This paper introduces coopetition theory under the new economic time. On a "win-win" basis, Enterprises seek for operating results through mutual cooperation which can not be achieved through pure competition. As for port industry, the trend of economic globalization and shipping union request to establish coopetition strategy among the ports. The larger size of vessels and their intermodality also influence the competition between ports. In order to gain more cargo and attract more shipping companies to call in, the ports among the same region engage in a fierce competition. All these factors have prompted the ports to carry out coopetition strategy. Faced with this background, the coopetition issue of Shanghai and Ningbo port becomes an important subject, this paper conducts a useful exploration.As China’s two major ports, Shanghai and Ningbo port each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Through SWOT comparative analysis, we found there is a complementary in many areas between the two ports, which has to a certain extent laid the basis for cooperation. Through Game Theory analysis, we concluded that, as for Shanghai and Ningbo port, the benefit gained from coopetition strategy is much more than that from non-coopetition strategy. By analyzing the practical significance of coopetition for Shanghai and Ningbo port Enterprises, we can further prove the significance of the implementation of coopetition strategy for Shanghai port and Ningbo port.However, through analysis of the coopetition condition between the two ports, we can see that, the cooperation of the two ports at present remain more in the government administrative means level, and the enterprises do not participate actively in operation level. Due to different administrative divisions and the existence of local protectionism, even in the new port management system, the emergence of the "Strong Government and Weak Enterprise" phenomenon led to the government’s excessive intervention to port enterprises, which resulted in some problems of the cooperation between the two ports. Therefore, the government should give more power to the enterprises, provide necessary service and certain support, and do not forcibly ask enterprises to do something. As for port enterprises, they should actively participate from the operating level. Specific to the operational level, they should find a suitable way to the implementation of the strategy.Referring to the successful cases of port cooperation, we find that, Strategic Alliance, as an important kind of coopetition, can be divided into two types of assert participation and non-assert participation. From the analysis of the effectiveness, the former is much larger than the latter. When administrative means can not achieve good results, the assert participation Strategic Alliance will be an important way for coopetition strategy of Shanghai port and Ningbo port. The enterprises in the two ports should take the initiative to break through the city, implement trans-regional capital expansion, and establish assert participation Strategic Alliance to achieve a "win-win" situation.更多还原