【作者】 苏秀；

【导师】 马良进； 朱曦；

【作者基本信息】 浙江林学院 ， 森林保护学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 本研究以番茄灰霉病菌Botrytis cinerea、番茄早疫病菌Alternaria solani等18种植物病原真菌为供试菌种,采用离体和组织活性测定及盆栽药效实验,对山核桃外果皮抑菌活性作了较为系统的研究;同时以小菜蛾Plutellu xylostella二龄幼虫、斜纹夜蛾Prodenia litura Fabricius二龄中期幼虫、朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarnus成螨和小麦蚜虫Schizaphis graminum为供试昆虫,测定了山核桃外果皮提取物的杀虫活性,初步得到如下结果:1.在离体测定中,山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物对黄瓜炭疽病菌Colletotrichum lagenarium、黄瓜菌核病菌Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum (Lib) de Bary、苹果腐烂病菌Valsa mali、辣椒疫病菌Phytophthora capsici等4种病菌的抑制率为100%,除玉米小斑病菌Bipolaris maydis外,对其余10种病菌的抑制率都在69%以上。经毒力测定,山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物对水稻纹枯病菌Rhizoctonia solani菌丝生长抑制作用最好(EC50为0.0298g.mL-1),其次为番茄灰霉病菌(EC50为0.0311g.mL-1)。在孢子萌发试验中,山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌、玉米大斑Exserohilum turcicum病菌孢子萌发抑制率均在70%以上。2.在番茄果实组织法试验中,山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物对番茄灰霉病菌保护作用和治疗作用的效果分别为33.55%、34.61%。在盆栽试验中,山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物对黄瓜灰霉病菌保护作用和治疗作用的效果分别为85.40%、36.72%;经孢子抖动法接种的盆栽试验表明,山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物对小麦白粉病菌Erysiphe graminis保护作用和治疗作用的效果分别为75.00%、66.67%;山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物对黄瓜苗白粉病Sphaerotheca fuliginea防治作用的盆栽试验结果表明,预防效果为62.96%,治疗作用达到74.07%;对黄瓜霜霉病的保护作用效果达到56.62%,治疗效果为23.08%。通过山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物抑菌活性的离体测定和活体测定结果,可以看出:在离体和活体条件下,山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物对供试病原菌均表现出较高的活性,但山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物离体活性和活体活性不是完全有相关性的。山核桃外果皮的抑菌活性值得进一步研究。3.山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物对蚜虫具有较好的活性,在供试浓度为0.1g(干样).mL-1时,处理蚜虫24h后,死亡率达到88.20%,其LC50为0.0428g.mL-1;山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物对小菜蛾、斜纹夜蛾的活性较弱,在供试浓度为1.0g(干样).mL-1时,小菜蛾和斜纹夜蛾的死亡率分别为23.40%、9.81%,但在其它供试浓度下,对小菜蛾和斜纹夜蛾没有明显活性;所有浓度的山核桃外果皮甲醇提取物在本试验条件下对朱砂叶螨均没有明显活性。更多还原

【Abstract】 The fungicide and insecticidal activity of the methanol extract from husk of Carya cathayensis Sarg. was studied by a systematic way in vitro and pot test with Botrytis cinerea, Alternaria solani et al 18 kinds of fungi. The insecticidal activity to Plutellu xylostella, Mythimna separatea et al 3 kinds of insects. The results are as follows: 1. The methanol extract of the husk of Carya cathayensis Sarg. could completely inhibit the hypha growth of Colletotrichum lagenarium, Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum(Lib.)de Bary, Valsa mali, Phytophora capsici under the concentration of 0.1g.mL-1. The extract of the husk of Carya cathayensis Sarg. had the highest inhibition rate to the hypha growth of Rhizoctonia solani (EC50=0.0298g.mL-1). Furthermore, the extract had more than 70% inhibition rates to the spore germination of Botrytis cinerea and Exserohilum turcicum under the concentration of 0.1g.mL-1.2. The results of pot test indicated that the extract from husk of Carya cathayensis Sarg. had 85.40% protective efficacy and 36.72% curative efficacy to B. cinerea; 75.00% protective efficacy and 66.67% curative efficacy to wheat powder mildew; 62.96% protective efficacy and 74.07% curative efficacy to Cucumber Powder mildew; 56.62% protective efficacy and 23.08% curative efficacy to Cucumber Downy mildew. Furthermore, the results showed that there isn’t good correlation between efficacy in vitro and efficacy in vivo.3. The extract of the husk of Carya cathayensis Sarg. had 88.20% death rate against aphid with LD50 values 0.0428 g.mL-1. The death rates of Plutellu xylostella and Prodenia litura Fabricius were 23.40% and 9.81% under the concentration of 1g.mL-1; but it nearly had no efficacy under other concentrations. Meanwhile, it had no insecticidal activity to Tetranychus cinnabarnus under any concentration in this test.更多还原