【作者】 王颜；

【导师】 杜文玉；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 所谓社会救助，是指国家和社会对贫困者提供最低水平生活需求的物质援助，并增强他们适应社会生存能力的一种社会保障制度。我国自古以来就有存恤和救助鳏寡孤独废疾者的优良传统，老有所终，幼有所养，是人们所追求的理想社会。历代统治者都制定了相关的政策和措施，把社会救助视为稳定社会秩序，巩固统治的有效手段。但是在唐宋以前推行的这些政策和措施，还远远达不到完善的程度，也不是一种制度化的行为，因此无论从救助的范围或是救助的程度来看，还都达不到经常化的程度。而唐宋时期由于社会经济的发展和繁荣，物质的相对丰富，加上统治阶级对这个问题的高度重视，遂使这一历史时期的社会救助活动已经达到了经常化、制度化的程度，取得了丰富的经验，而这些经验即使对今天来说，也具有较大的借鉴意义。本文共分六大部分，具体内容如下：第一部分概论，主要对本文的选题意义及已有的研究成果进行了论述和评介，同时对拟采用的研究方法和资料进行了简要的介绍。第二部分社会救助机制的变化，对唐宋时期长达六百多年的社会救助机制的变化情况进行了系统而详尽地论述，主要从救助机构的制度化和救助经费来源的扩大化两个方面进行探讨。指出了这一历史时期三个不同阶段社会救助机制的变化轨迹和救助经费来源从单一化到多元化的发展状况。第三部分社会救助对象的变化，从政府和民间两个层面探讨了唐宋时期对五种不同社会群体的救助和优恤情况，指出了这一时期社会救助范围不断扩大的发展趋势，并认为这一趋势的出现是社会文明进步的表现。第四部分社会救助主体的变化，着重研究了唐宋时期不同人群在社会救助中所起的作用及其变化情况，指出了从前期由政府与释道充当的社会救助主体，到后期出现的五种社会救助主体的变化趋势。第五部分社会救助基本结构分析，着重从政治变革、经济变革以及思想变革等方面的变化分析了唐宋时期社会救助的基本结构，认为随着社会的不断进步和发展，政治和经济变革的不断深入，人们在思想上对社会救助的认识也随之进一步深化，从而促进了社会救助机制的完善化和结构的合理化。第六部分唐宋时期社会救助的主要特点及历史评价，主要从救助主体和救助方式的变化上，分析总结了唐宋以来社会救助机制发展变化的特点以及对后世产生的深刻影响。本文的最大特点，主要表现在以下几个方面：第一，以往的研究主要集中在救荒方面，即使涉及到了一些社会救助的问题，也多是针对某种具体救助方式或内容上，且仅限于较短的历史时段，因而对整个唐宋时期社会救助的各种机制缺乏全面的了解。本文全面系统地研究了这一历史时期各种社会救助机制，并对这些机制的渊源和互相关系以及利弊情况进行详尽的分析，从而搞清了我国中古时期长达六百多年的社会救助机制的变化情况。第二，从纵的方面提出了唐宋时期社会救助的四个特点，即在救济主体上，政府起组织、领导作用；唐至北宋以中央救济为主，南宋以后，地方政府的作用越来越大；社会力量在具体救助中发挥着重要作用，包括社会个体和社会组织，如社邑、家族、宗族等，其中家族、宗族在民间救助中起了很大作用，特别是宋代；救济方式上，从行政性向市场性和社会化方向转化。第三，从横向关系上看，唐宋社会救济也呈现四个特点，即救济面由窄到广，从早期的灾民、病人到老人、儿童、妇女、孤寡、残疾，从弱势群体到特殊人群，从生老病死到婚丧嫁娶，基本覆盖了社会各个阶层中需要救助的人；救济设施逐渐增多，从早期的常平仓、义仓等数种，到两宋的惠民仓、广惠仓、丰储仓、社仓、广济仓、赈粜仓、州济仓等，从单一的病坊到居养院、慈幼局、安济坊、露泽园等十余种救助机构；救济行为逐渐趋于制度化；市场化手段增多。本文从宏观的角度深入探讨了唐宋时期社会救助机制的发展变化，着重探讨我国古代社会救助机制在这一历史时期的发展趋势，努力探索和总结一些规律性的东西，以促进对这一问题研究的深入进行。其中某些观点和研究结论，在学术界还是首次提出，有利于对这一问题的深入探讨。唐宋时期在社会救济方面所取得的成就，在许多方面都是超迈前代的，即便是其后的元、明、清三代，其所通行的各种主要救济方式，大都开创于宋朝或在宋朝定型。可以说，唐宋时期的社会救济事业，在中国古代社会中居于承前启后的重要地位，直接开创了中国古代社会后期的社会救济的基本格局。更多还原

【Abstract】 The so-called social relief, is one kind of social securingsystems that the government and non-government provides the material aidson the lowest living level for the poor, and strengthens their socialsurvivability.Our country has a good tradition to save widowers, widows, orphans,the childless and the disabled since ancient times. People pursue the idealsociety that the old could be supported and the young raised. All previousdynasties rulers have formulated related policies and measures, and regardsthe social relief as the effective method to stability the social orderand consolidate the domination.But, before Tang-Song era, these policies and measures could notachieve the consummation, also were not one kind of institutional behavior.Therefore, whatever the relief scope or the relief degree, were notregularized. But in Tang-Song era, with the social economy development andthe prosperity, the material was relatively rich, and the governor attachedimportance to this relief, which enabled the relief in this era regularizedand institutional, and obtained rich experience. Even today, theseexperiences still have huge model significance.This article altogether is divided six major parts, the concretecontent is as follows:The first part discusses the introduction that mainly elaborates anddiscusses the research results which has achieved, the article significancewhy selected the topic, and then, plans to carry on the brief introductionon the research technique and the material.The second part discusses the change of the social relief system inTang-Song era for more than 600 years, mainly from two aspects: theinstitution of the relief organization and the enlarging of the relief funds. From three different stages in this historical period, this part statesthe proceeding of the social relief system and the developing situationof the relief funds from the simplification to the multiplex.The third part discusses the change of the social relief objects, andthe relief situation for five kinds of different social groups in Tang-Songera from government and non-government, and points out the tendency in thistime that the relief scope was expanded unceasingly, and think this tendencyas the performance which the social civilization progressed.The fourth part discusses the change of the main social relief strength,emphatically studied that different crowds played the main roles inTang-Song era, points out the tendency that the main social reliefstrength,played by the government, Confucianism and taonism,developedfive kinds of social strength.The fifth part discusses the basic structure of the social relief systemin Tang-Song era, emphatically from the political transformation, theeconomical transformation as well as the thought transformation and so on.With the social development and the political, economical progress, peopledeepened the understanding about the social relief, thus promoted theconsummation of the social system and the structure rationalization.The sixth part discusses the main characteristic and the historicalappraisal of Tang-Song era, mainly from the dominated relief strength andthe relief methods, analyzes the changing characteristic that the socialrelief system developed in Tang-Song era as well as the profound influencewhich produced to the later times.This article’s characteristic mainly displays in following severalaspects: First, the former research mainly concentrates in providing faminerelief, even involving the social relief, also aims at some concrete methodsor the content which are restricted in short historical period, thus lacksthe comprehensive understanding about the various social relief inTang-Song era. This article comprehensively and systematically studieseach kinds of the social system in this historical period, and analyzesthe resource and mutual relationship related to the social relief system, thus clarifies the changing procedure in Middle Age as long as more than600 years.Second, this article proposes four characteristics of Tang-Song erafrom the vertical aspects: the main relief strength, the governmentorganization, the leading role. From Tang to Northern Song Dynasty, thegovernment relief was most important, after Southern Song Dynasty, localauthority’s function was important more and more; The social strength wasalso playing the vital role in the concrete relief, including the socialindividual and the social organization, such as Sheyi, the family, thepatriarchal clan and so on, in which the family and the patriarchal clanhad very major function in the folk relief, specially Song Dynasty; In therelief methods, transforming from administrative to the marketability andthe socialized direction.Third, from the crosswise relations, the Tang-Song social relief alsopresented four characteristics: the relief scope from narrow to broad; fromthe disaster victims, the patient in earlier times to the old person, thechild, the woman, the orphans and widows, the disable, from the weak groupto the special crowd, from the birth and death to the weddings and funerals,had basically covered the human in each social stratum; Providing morerelief facilities, from Changping barn, Yi barn and so on in earlier timesto Huimin barn, Guanghui barn, Fengchu barn, She barn, Guangji barn,Zhengtiao barn, Zhouji barn and so on in two Song dynasty; From the solesickness work place to the Juyang bureau, Ciyou bureau, Anji bureau, Luzebureau and so on; The relief behavior tended to be institutional gradually;The marketable method increased.This article discusses the development of the relief system inTang-Song era from the macroscopic angle, emphatically researches the trendof ancient social relief system in this historical period, explores andsummarizes some regular things, promoted this research to carry onthoroughly. Some viewpoints and conclusions in this article are proposedfor the first time in the academic circles, which is advantageous forthorough discussion. The Tang-Song era obtained achievements in the social relief, whichwere beyond the before in many aspects. Even in Yuan, Ming and Qing, itsmain relief methods were originated or formulated in Song Dynasty. In all,the social relief enterprise in Tang-Song era occupied an important statusin ancient China, directly founded the basically pattern of the socialrelief for the later period of ancient China.更多还原