【作者】 井军弟；

【导师】 霍涌泉；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 意识状态改变(Altered States of Consciousness)研究一直是心理学研究的重要课题。恪守实证主义立场的行为主义心理学一度主张摒弃意识与意识状态改变研究。20世纪60年代之后，几乎所有的心理学研究者又都承认意识经验(包含意识状态)在实证研究中的合法地位。当前，国外意识状态改变的实证研究、现象学研究与临床研究大量涌现，汇聚成一股强劲的潮流，日益深化着我们对意识状态改变这一领域的科学认识，亦彰显出这一领域研究巨大的临床应用价值。与国外日新月异的进展相比，国内对意识状态改变研究还处于零星介绍和局部研究状态。因而，有必要较为系统地梳理、介绍、分析国外这一领域的研究成果，深入认识意识状态改变的理论与实践研究，探讨其在心理治疗中的应用价值，以提高心理学意识状态改变研究在意识的跨学科研究中的地位。论文在掌握大量文献的基础上，首先对意识状态改变的内涵、概念、具体分类、研究方法进行了阐述；其次，从心理生理学的角度对意识状态变化微观与宏观研究、意识状态水平的认知神经科学研究做了扼要介绍，力图比较全面地揭示这些领域研究的发展历程、关注点和研究现状；再次，鉴于意识状态改变研究在心理咨询与治疗领域的广泛运用，作者试图对不同心理咨询与治疗理论学派的理论观点从意识状态改变的角度进行分析、提炼，以廓清并揭示意识状态改变在心理咨询与治疗实践中具体的变化和应用；最后，针对心理咨询与实践领域不同理论流派之间在理念和方法所呈现出的整合趋势。从意识状态变化的视角，具体分析当前意识状态改变研究对心理治疗理论范式与实践模式的积极意义。基于以上分析，本文认为可从四个方面理解意识状态改变的理论和实践问题。第一，意识状态改变包含着广泛的心理内容，个体通常在特定的某一时刻可能会处于特定的意识状态，在各种内外因素的影响下，个体的意识状态会发生各种变化，而觉察则是意识状态改变的基本条件之一；在更宏观一级上，意识状态变化体现在个体不同的意识状态水平的差异上；意识状态改变的分类按引发原因或方式可以分为五类，即自发的、物理和生理刺激引发的、心理方式引起的、疾病引起的以及基于药理学引发的意识状态改变。第二，系统的现象学分析主要从激活、意识域、感觉动荡和自我觉察四个维度对意识状态变化进行解释。意识状态变化的心理生理学研究则表明，不同的意识状态主要由脑结构、脑动力的暂时变化(不连结性)、神经化学和新陈代谢过程的结合引起。同时环境变化、心理活动和自我控制及技巧也可以暂时改变脑功能和意识状态。基于认知神经科学的意识状态水平研究表明，意识状态水平一般分为无意识、意识、自我意识和元自我意识水平，其中自我意识和元自我意识状态水平可以从自我信息类型的角度进行具体划分。个体意识状态水平是一个逐渐的发展过程，较高的意识水平需要言语、自我认知的参与。第三，意识状态改变是众多治疗理论和实践关注的焦点，不同治疗理论聚焦于个体意识状态改变的不同方面，在心理治疗实践中形成和发展了较为系统的改善意识状态、促进精神成长的技术和方法。论文认为意识状态改变的理论与实践研究从技术方法、共同要素分析与特定视角三个层面对当前心理治疗理论的整合运动起到了积极的促进作用。第四，意识状态改变研究积累了大量的实证资料，深化了人们对这一领域的科学认识，大大提高其研究的科学地位，在实践中起到积极的促进作用，但其研究面临着研究方法突破、理论模型整合以及元理论建设薄弱的重大问题。随着意识科学研究的深入，意识状态改变的理论与实践研究必将取得更大的发展。更多还原

【Abstract】 Altered States of Consciousness (ASC) has always been an important issue in the psychological research. Behavioristic psychology sticking to the positivism stand once advocated spurning the study of consciousness and ASC. However, since the 60s in the 20 century, almost all the psychological researchers at home and broad have admitted the legal status in which consciousness experience including ASC can be studied in the positivistic method. Currently, positivistic, phenomenological and clinical studies of ASC have flourished and pooled a driving tide in this field, which is, in turn, deepening the scientific understanding about the field and also demonstrates its huge clinic and applied significance. Compared with the quick-changing advancement abroad, the research of ASC in China is still under the state of fragmental introducing and partial researching. Hence, it is of great necessity to relatively systematically tease, introduce and analyze the research achievements abroad and deeply recognizes the theory of ASC and its application to psychotherapy, which can heighten the statue of the research into ASC in the cross-discipline study of consciousness.Based on the abundant literature, firstly, the connotation, the concrete classification and the research methods of ASC are introduced and analyzed. After that, the thesis briefly introduces to the point the micro and macro researches of ASC from the aspect of psychophysiology and the studies of levels of consciousness states from the angle of cognitive neuroscience, with the purpose of comprehensively revealing the research course, the focus and the situation in this field. In addition, due to ASC’s widely application to clinical field, the main ideas of different psychotherapy schools are tentatively analyzed and abstracted from the aspects of ASC research, with aim of indicating the concrete transformations and various applications in clinical practice. In the end, according to the trend of integration of notions and technology in psychotherapy practice, the thesis makes attempts to analyze the active significance from ASC study to the integration of notions and techniques in psychotherapy practice.On the above analysis, the thesis argues that the theory of ASC and its application to psychotherapy can be understood from four aspects. At first, ASC contains far-reaching psychological content. Individuals usually lie in a specific consciousness state on the specific occasion. Influenced by extra or intra factors, ASC of individuals may change variously, in which self-awareness is one of the basic conditions. On the more macro level, ASC can embody the different consciousness state levels of individuals. ASC can be classified into five categories, which are occurring spontaneously, evoked by physical and physiological stimulation, induced by psychological means, caused by diseases and activated by pharmacology. Secondly, Systematic phenomenological analysis mainly explains the multiple ASC from four dimensions, that is, activation, awareness span, self-awareness, and sensory dynamics, which can well describe and explain the different levels of states of consciousness. The psychophysiological research on ASC indicates not only can a compromised brain structure, transient changes in brain dynamics, and neurochemical and metabolic processes exert influence on people’s altered states of conscious experience, but also environmental stimuli, mental practices, and techniques of self-control can temporarily alter functioning states of man’s consciousness. The research based on. the cognitive neuroscience shows that levels of consciousness states generally are classified into four level, that is, unconsciousness, consciousness, self-consciousness and meta-self-consciousness. Among of them, self- consciousness and meta-self- consciousness can be further studied from the types of self information. Individual’ s levels of consciousness state is a gradually developing course in which higher levels of consciousness states need the engagement of language and self-cognition. Thirdly, ASC are the focus of various psychotherapy schools. During their practice they paid attention to the different aspects of individuals’ ASC and developed relatively systematic techniques and methods for improving consciousness states and enhancing individuals’ spiritual growth. The author argues that the research into the theory of ASC and its application to psychotherapy can exert active influence on the integration of the current psychotherapy practice at least from three shades, that is, the techniques and methods, the common factors and specific visual angle. Fourthly, studies on ASC have accumulated abundant positivistic data, deepened people’s scientific understanding in this field, which greatly heightened the scientific status of the researches in this field. However, the studies on this field also facing big problems such as the breaking through of the research methods, integration of theory models and weakness of meta-theoretical construction etc. Along with advancement of consciousness science, the research into the theory of ASC and its application to psychotherapy is bound to achieve greater development.更多还原