【作者】 刘峰；

【导师】 陆发春；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 专门史， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 康有为先生曾感叹道：“漕运之制，为中国大政。”纵观中国历史，确如康有为先生所言。自秦一统全国至清亡，两千余年的封建王朝中，漕运一直发挥着维系中央集权与国家稳定的巨大作用，是历朝历代的经济大端，在中国传统社会中占有无可替代的重要地位。清康熙皇帝甚至将漕运列为朝廷三大政之一，书于宫柱之上，“夙夜廑会”。正是漕运的这种重要性，使得它成为历代朝野人士研究的重点课题。有关漕运的议论、建言、主张也层出不穷。而清代经世派实学大家包世臣，无疑是其中成就最为突出、最具有时代性、实践性、可行性的代表人物之一。包世臣，清乾、嘉、道、咸年间著名的“经世致用”派代表人物、改革家、诗人和书法评论家。他毕生致力于漕运、河工、盐务、农事、刑法、民俗、军事等“实务”的考察与研究，提出了许多富有建设性的改革主张与意见。包世臣的漕运改革思想具体而言，主要体现在五个方面：第一，海运南漕：这是关于漕运路线的改革，即废除传统的利用运河运输漕粮，改为海路运输。这样既可以消除运河运输中的各种弊端，又可以节省大量的人力、物力、财力用以治理黄、淮水患和运河，一举而数得。第二，雇商承运：这是经营方式上的改革，即改变传统的官运漕粮为雇商承运。如果说前者还仅仅着眼于技术上的变革的话，那么后者则很显然已经触及到了传统封建社会的经济体制和管理体制。“海运南漕”虽不是包世臣首创，但其中“建议在漕运中推行招商承办，包世臣则是先行者。”也正是这一点，使得包世臣的漕运改革思想具有了近代气息，是近代前夜商品经济大发展的具体体现，也是包世臣由“传统思想”向“近代思想”突破的重要表现。第三，公私兼顾：以往论者论及包世臣漕运改革，往往忽视了这一重要思想。殊不知这一点更能体现包世臣改革的利国、利民性，也使得海运南漕更具有可操作性。其核心内容是如何既保障国家利益不受损害又能保证船商获利。第四，综合治理：清嘉、道以降，国势日衰，政治愈加腐败，水患日益严重。清政府虽然到了“国朝以来，无一岁不治河。”甚至“竭天下之财赋以事河”的地步，但著效甚微。因此包世臣大声疾呼：“不使人扰漕，不使人扰河。”、“必以暂行海运、专力治河为上策。”意欲腾出财力、物力、人力专以治河。这一思想较之于同时代那些即使也倡言海运，但仅仅把它当成是由于河道受阻而采取的一时权宜之计的官员，认识上决不仅仅是略高了一筹。第五，屯田罢漕：如何最终解决漕弊?如何缓解东南农民过重的漕赋压力?一旦海运大行，则原来依赖运河和河运而生的人员将如何安置?包世臣认为，根本解决之道只能是在北方，尤其是在靠近京畿水源充足之地实行屯田。这样一来既可以充分满足京师的需要，又可以舒缓东南输漕省份(主要是江、浙、皖等省)的“民困”，消除潜在的东南大患。如此则可以真正做到“漕可罢，赋可宽”。同时还可以招募大量流民和失业水手屯田，以解决日益严重的因土地资源匮乏问题、流民无法安置所造成的各种社会危机。在国势日衰，吏治败坏，漕弊丛生，社会矛盾日趋尖锐的嘉、道年间，包世臣能上忧国事，下抒民困，大力倡言漕运改革，实在是一位关系民生疾苦，立足现实、放眼未来，具有远见卓识大思想家、改革家。其主张与思想有的在当时就被一些地方大吏接纳并得以实行，不仅产生了重大影响，而且也对后世产生了积极的作用。更重要的是，从传统理论上的“通经致用”到身体力行的“经世致用”，在这个转化过程中，包世臣自觉或不自觉的实现了自我突破，不仅是开一代风气之先的揭纛者，更是一个早期启蒙思想家。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mr. Kang you-wei sighed and said: "Cao-yun (transporting grain by canal to the capital or as military assistance) is one of the most important systems for Chinese." Looking back over the Chinese history, It’s fully true what Mr.Kang You-wei had said.From the Qin Dynasty having unified the whole nation to the Qing Dynasty being perished, Cao-yun had been playing a significant role in maintaining the social stability and the national centralization in the 2000 -years’ feudal dynasties. It’s a huge economical aorta in the previously successive dynasties. It held an important status in the Chinese traditional society which had been no substitute. Emperor Kang-xi even booked it in the palace’s colume as one of three the most important decisions and "think it over day and night". It was because of its importance that became the focus of the previous government and the public to study. There were varieties discussions, suggestions and opinions about Cao-yun. But there is no doubt that Bao Shi-chen was one of the outstanding representatives on the times, being famous for his practicality and feasibility. Bao Shi-chen is a famous scholar of "studying the social and putting his knowledge into practise", a reformer, a poet, and a calligraphy critic in the times of emperor Qian-long, Jia-qing, Dao-guang and Xian-feng in the Qing Dynasty. He devoted himself to investigating Cao-yun, River-controled work, Salt administration, Agriculture, Criminal law, Folklore, Military and so on all his life and put foreward many constractive ideas and opinions in those aspects.His thought of Cao-yun reform lied mainly in five areas: First: Transporting grain by marine instead of by canal to the capital or as military assistance. It’s the reform about route of the transporting grain. That meant the abolition of traditional route. To do this, the government could not only eliminate all sorts of disadvantages in transportability by canal but also save a lot of manpower, material resources and financial supports for the managemant of the Yellow River, Huai River and the canal. It really meant to kill two birds with one stone. Second: Employing businessmen to carry grain. This was the reform of the moderm operation. That was, to change the traditional transportability by government into by business. If the former focused only on the technical changes, so the latter clearly already touched the traditional economy and management structure of the feudal society. "transporting grain by marine" was not invented by Bao Shi-chen at first, but among "the suggestion carrying grain by business, Bao Shi-chen is the forerunner." It’s precisely this point that made Bao Shi-chen’s reform thought have a modern flavour. It was the concrete embodiment of commodify economy’s huge development in the modern society eve. Tt also demonstrated that the thought of Bao Shi-chen’s reform was breaking through "tradition" to "modern". Third: Giving into consideration of both public and personal interests. Many scholars in the past who discussed the thought of Bao Shi-chen’s reform in Cao-yun more often overlooked this important point. Little did they know that it was this point that made the thought of Bao Shi-chen’s reform have more interests for the nation and the people, and also made it more feasible. It’s core content was how the government could safeguard the national interests so as not to be harmed and how could guarante the ship business profit. Fouth: Comprehensive managment. From the Qing dynasty Emperor Jia-qing and Dao-guang then on, the national strength even more went on the decline, politics was even more corrupted, the corrupt officials ran amuck, the flood was more and more serious day by day. Although since the Qing government "does not have a year not to administer rivers" and even "uses up wealth of the world to bestow on rivers", but with little effect. So, Bao Shi-chen raised a huge cry: "do not cause the human to harass the canal, do not cause the human to harass the river." "We must transport grain by marine at the moment and concentrate our efforts on the river improvement as the best plan." His meaning was to set aside the financial resource, physical resource, manpower to administer rivers. This thought was more foresighted than those officials’ at the same time although these officials also initated the tansportation by marine but only regarded it as temporary measure because of flooding. Fifth: Openning up wasteland to get rid of the Cao-yun. How to solve the shortcomings of the Cao-yun finally? How to alliviate the southrest farmer’s overweight pressure caused by the Cao-yun? How to settle down the people who originally relied on the Cao-yun and the canal once the transportation by marine was carried out all over the nation? Bao Shi-chen believed that, the basic solution was to open up wasteland in the north---especially in the areas of sufficient water approaching the capital. As the matter stood both may satisfy the needs of the capital and may relax "the sufferings of the people" dewelling in the southeast provinces (mainly Jiang-su province Zhe-jiang and An-hui provinces.) and eliminated latent "the big trouble in the southeast." So "the Cao-yun must be abolished, the tax may be reduced." Simultaneously the government also may recruited the massive refugees and the unemployed sailors to open up wasteland, solve the serious problems caused by deficient land resource and other social crises.During the Emperoe Jia-qing and Dao-guang when the national strength was fading day by day, the administrative efficiency of local officials were ruinning, the shortcomings of the Cao-yun were growing thick as hail, and the social contradictory was tending to incisive. Bao Shi-chen sorrowed about national affairs, hoped to express the sufferings of the people, initiated vigorously the Cao-yun reform. He was really a foresighted and sagacited thinker, a reformer who was exetremely concerned over the livelihood of the people. He stood in the reality and took a broad view in the future. His views and the thoughts were partly accepted and carried out by some local officials at that time. It not only had a significant influence at that time, moreover also had a positive function to the later generation. More importantly, in the conversionous process from the theoretical "mastering knowledges for practical use" to personally set an example of "studying the social and putting his knowledge into practise", being aware of or not aware of what he had done, Bao Shi-chen actually had a great self-breakthough the times. He was not only a pioneer of openning a new times but also an early illuminative thinker.更多还原