【作者】 孙亚辉；

【导师】 李雁鸣；

【作者基本信息】 河北农业大学 ， 作物栽培学与耕作学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来，山东、河南等地关于冬小麦的的超高产记录多见报道，并对超高产冬小麦的生育特性、超高产途径等方面进行了研究。但这些研究往往是在较优越的肥水条件下进行的，而在限水条件下的超高产栽培研究尚未见报道。为明确河北平原限水条件下超高产小麦的生育特性和栽培技术规律，2004—2006年在河北省藁城市进行了田间试验。以石麦12(SM12)、石新828(SX828)等多穗型品种为主要供试品种，特麦1号(TM1)等大穗型品种为补充，研究了在河北平原大田限水(底墒水和封冻水合并为1水，春季2水)条件下，产量为9000kg／hm~2左右超高产小麦的群体和个体的生长发育动态和产量结构特点，总结了小麦超高产途径的特点。主要研究结果如下：1、对超高产冬小麦产量构成因素的分析表明，在河北省中南部地区，多穗型和大穗型的冬小麦品种都能取得每公顷9000 kg以上的超高产，但以采用穗型中等的多穗型品种，每公顷800万穗左右，穗粒数30～34粒，千粒重40g以上的产量结构，更容易取得超高产。大穗型品种适宜的产量构成为：每公顷平均穗数为470万，穗粒数为48粒左右，千粒重44～45g。2、不同类型品种获得超高产的群体结构动态有所不同。多穗型品种在每公顷基本苗230万～350万情况下，冬前总茎数1200万～1700万，最高总茎数为1300万～2000万，成穗数在720万～840万之间，是比较理想的群体变化动态。大穗型品种群体起点高，但分蘖成穗率低。平均每公顷基本苗370万左右，最高总茎数1700万～2000万，最终成穗数460万～480万，但是从河北省中南部的气候特点考虑，春季气温升高较快，穗分化时间较短，不利于大穗型品种发挥其穗粒数多的优势。因此，河北省小麦超高产栽培，以较高单位面积穗数和中等穗重的多穗型品种更容易达到目的。3、超高产田的最高LAI(孕穗期)在7～9之间。关于每公顷9000kg的群体LAI达到7以上的情况，过去只在河南超高产田研究中有过LAI达到10左右的报道。本研究中有些地块LAI达到8以上，接近9的情况，说明9000kg／hm~2冬小麦的LAI较高具有普遍意义。此外，在小麦的整个生育期间，LAI值均维持较高的水平，后期LAI衰减慢，开花后20天LAI仍在4以上，开花后30天仍维持一定的绿叶面积。4、超高产田除在LAI上有较大的突破外，在干物质积累量上也有较大突破。本研究中大部分品种和地块干物质积累量在18000kg／hm~2以上，平均超过20000kg／hm~2。经济系数比较稳定，均在0.42以上。此外，超高产田还具有粒叶比(籽粒与最大叶面积之比)高，源库关系比较协调的特点。本试验大部分地块穗叶比在98～112穗／m~2；粒数叶比为0.332粒／cm~2左右；粒叶重比为11.986mg／cm~2。5、从小麦植株性状上来分析，超高产小麦具有株高中等(一般在73～79cm)、抗倒伏性强、节间结构良好(基部节间短，基部2个节间长度之和不超过8cm；穗下节长，20cm以上)、穗型中等、分蘖成穗率高(成熟时平均单株茎数2.5个)等特点。更多还原

【Abstract】 In recent years, the records of high-yield of winter wheat were reported in Shandong and Henan province. Also, the rule of growth and development and the cultivation practice of super high yielding winter wheat were studied. These records, however, usually were created in superior fertility and water conditions. The study on the cultivation practices of super high yielding under the conditions of water limitation has not been reported. In order to determine the rule of growth and development and the cultivation practice of super high yielding winter wheat under the conditions of water limitation of Hebei Plain, a field experiment was conducted during 2004-2006 wheat growing seasons in Gaocheng County, Hebei Province. Two types of winter wheat varieties, SM12 and SX828 as multi-spike type, and TM1 as a big-spike type of wheat variety, were used as materials, to study the population and individual characteristics of growth and development, and yield components of super high-yielding (9000 kg/hm~2 or more) winter wheat under limited water condition of Hebei plain. The results were summarized as follows:1. The analysis on yield components of super-high-yielding winter wheat showed that, both the multi-spike type and big-spike type wheat varieties could achieve 9000 kg/hm~2 in mid-south parts of Hebei Province, but it was much easier to reach super high yield by using the multi-spike type wheat variety, with about 8000 thousand spikes per hectare, 30 to 34 grains per spike, and the 1000-grain weight 40 g or more. The appropriate yield components of big-spike type for super high yield were about 4700 thousand spikes per ha, 48 grains per spike and the 1000-grain weight 44-45g.2. The dynamics of population architecture of different types varieties for supper high yield was different. For multi-spike wheat variety, on the basis of seedlings 2.3-3.5×10~6/ha, the ideal dynamics of population culms was, 1.2～1.7×10~7/ha before winter, 1.3～2.0~ 107/ha for maximum, and the spikes 7.2～8.4×10 6/ha at maturity. The basic seedling of big-spike wheat variety was higher than that of multi-spike type, but the tiller-bearing rate of the big-spike type was lower. The average basic seedling of the big-spike type was about 3.7×10~6/ha, the maximum culms was 1.7～2.0×10~7/ha, and the spike number at maturity was 4.6～4.8×10~6/ha. The rapid rising temperature in spring was one of the climate characteristics of mid-south parts of Hebei Province, which made the spike differentiation time of wheat shorten, was unfavorble to big-spike wheat variety to take its advantages of more grains per spike. Therefore, wheat varieties with higher spike capacity per heactare and middle spike weight were easier to achieve super high yield in Hebei Province.3. The highest LAI, occurred at booting, was 7～9 for super high-yielding wheat. It was only reported in Henan that the LAI reached 10 in the super high-yielding wheat, which was more than 7 for wheat with a yield of 9000 kg/ha. The LAI of some plots in this study was higher than 8, and approached 9. That indicated that the higher LAI had a general significance to winter wheat with a yield of 9000 kg/ha, In addition, the LAI maintained high values during the whole growing period of wheat, and decreased slowly during late period. The LAI was higer than 4 after 20 days of post-anthesis, and there was still green leaf area on 30 days after anthesis.4. Besides LAI, the dry matter accumulation of super high-yielding wheat also had a great breakthrough. Most of the varieties and plots in the experiment had a dry matter accumulation above 18000 kg/ha, with an average 20000 kg/ha. The harvest index was stable and exceeded 0.42. Moreover, the super high-yielding wheat also had a high grain-leaf ratio and a coordinative source-sink relationship. The spike-leaf ratio, grain-leaf ratio and grain-leaf weight ratio in the test were 98～112 spikes/m~2, 0.332 grains/cm~2 and 11.986 mg/cm~2, respectively.5. The super high-yielding wheat had such plant characteristics as follows: middle plant height (generally 73～79 cm), strong lodging resistance, good internode configuration, i.e. shorter basal internode length (the total length of the two basal internodes were less than 8 cm; longer top first internode (internode beneath the spike was longer than 20 cm), spikes with middle length and higher percentage of productive tillers (percentage of fruitful was 2.5 spikes per plant).更多还原