【作者】 王玉霞；

【导师】 徐坤；

【作者基本信息】 山东农业大学 ， 蔬菜学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 近年来,蔬菜设施栽培功能薄膜研发及蔬菜产品安全生产备受人们关注。根据蔬菜种类合理选择农膜、科学使用农药,以提高蔬菜产量、改善蔬菜品质、降低产品污染成为目前研究的热点。为此,本文研究了转光膜的温光效应及其对不同类型蔬菜生长和产量品质的影响,分析了不同农药在不同类型蔬菜中的积累及消解动态,确定了不同农药的安全性,旨在为转光膜的推广及农药的合理选用提供理论参考。主要研究结果如下:1.试验结果表明,转光膜在400～500 nm的蓝紫光和600～700 nm的红橙光区比例显著提高,分别比CK增加了13.37%和16.68%,由于该光谱范围覆盖了叶绿素的两个最强吸收光谱区(430～480 nm的蓝紫光区和600～680 nm的红橙光区),故在该区间的光质比例提高有利于叶绿素对光能的吸收。此外,转光膜具有调节温度的作用。当温度较低时,转光膜内的气温、5cm地温均比对照膜提高,分别提高了0.5～0.8℃和0.3～0.6℃,但温度较高时,转光膜内的气温、5 cm地温均比对照膜有所下降。2.转光膜较普通膜覆盖条件下的蔬菜生长势增强,地上、地下鲜重均增加。收获时,转光膜处理菠菜、胡萝卜、毛豆分别较普通膜增产13.79%、11.87%和9.13%,蔬菜中硝酸盐、粗纤维含量降低,干物质含量、可溶性蛋白、Vc等含量升高,蔬菜品质明显改善。3.转光膜通过改变自然光的光质,使透射光谱中蓝紫光与红橙光比例升高,光合色素含量提高,因而转光膜处理菠菜叶片的光合速率显著高于对照膜。同时,光质的改变,影响了叶片抗氧化酶的活性,使转光膜处理叶片的保护酶活性增强,菠菜收获时其SOD、POD、CAT的活性分别比CK提高了27.11%、25.85%和18.52%。而转光膜处理菠菜叶片受损伤的程度较小,MDA含量较低,最大值为0.29μmol·g-1FW,比对照膜降低25.64%;细胞内电解质渗漏率也有相似的变化趋势,这与转光膜内菠菜叶片中SOD、POD和CAT活性较高,有利于清除逆境胁迫引发的膜脂过氧化产物有关。4.土壤浇施农药后,随时间推移不同蔬菜中农药残留量均呈逐渐降低趋势。但不同农药对蔬菜农药残留的影响差异显著,以甲胺磷残留量较高,毒死蜱次之,氯氰菊酯较低。且蔬菜不同器官中农药残留也有较大差异,以根中较高,叶次之,茎、荚较低。土壤中农药残留在不同蔬菜中的半衰期也存在差异,以氯氰菊酯较长,甲胺磷、毒死蜱较短,而后两者间的差异较小,如菠菜根中甲胺磷、毒死蜱、氯氰菊酯的半衰期分别为6.8、6.5、7.8 d,胡萝卜的半衰期分别为8.4、8.0、8.9 d。收获时不同蔬菜产品中农药残留大小依次为胡萝卜>菠菜>毛豆,其中氯氰菊酯残留依次为0.05、0.02、0.00 mg/kg,均低于0.50 mg/kg的最低限量标准,毒死蜱除在毛豆荚中残留量符合安全标准外,其余产品均超标,而甲胺磷在不同蔬菜中的农药残留均超标,故不可用于毛豆安全生产。5.叶面喷施农药对不同蔬菜的污染显著不同。叶面喷施1000倍甲胺磷、毒死蜱及氯氰菊酯药液时,不同器官中农药残留差异较大,叶片中的最终残留量>根。收获时菠菜产品中甲胺磷、毒死蜱及氯氰菊酯的最终残留量分别0.02 mg/kg、0.01 mg/kg和0.01 mg/kg,胡萝卜为0.01 mg/kg、0 mg/kg和0 mg/kg,毛豆为0.01 mg/kg、0.01 mg/kg和0 mg/kg。此外,喷药间隔期距收获期越短,农药残留量越大,且喷药浓度越高,残留量越高。6.土壤浇施和叶面喷药均污染土壤,且不同农药对土壤的污染程度不同,以甲胺磷较高,毒死蜱次之,氯氰菊酯较低。浇施农药后,土壤中农药残留量呈逐渐降低趋势,且前期降解迅速,后期缓慢,用药90 d后土壤中甲胺磷、毒死蜱及氯氰菊酯的残留量分别为0.27 mg/kg、0.21 mg/kg和0.07 mg/kg,降解率分别为97.1%、97.6%和94.4%,可见土壤中甲胺磷、毒死蜱降解速率较快,氯氰菊酯较慢,半衰期也有相似差异,甲胺磷、毒死蜱及氯氰菊酯在土壤中的半衰期分别为23.5、22.9、25.4 d。更多还原

【Abstract】 The study of functional film used in establishment growth and safe production of vegetable were attented by people in recent years, At present, reasonable selecting film, scientific using pesticide according to kinds of vegetable have been hotspots of research, because which can increase yield, improve quantity and reduce pollution of vegetable product. Therefor, the experiment studied on the effect of temperature and light of light conversion film and the effect on growth, yield and quality of different kinds of vegetable, analyzed the accumulation and degradation dynamics of pesticides in vegetables, ensured the security of different pesticides. The purpose of experiment was to afford theoretically reference to popularization of light conversion film and reasonable selecting of pesticide. The mostly results were as follows:1. The results indicated, the proportion of 400~500 nm blue-purple light and 600~700 nm red-orange light of light conversion film was respectively increased by 13.37% and 16.68%. Because the two best strong spectrum areas of chlorophyllo were covered with the spectrum ranges, so the better proportion was propitious to chlorophyllo absorbability of light energy. Besides the light conversion film had the effect of adjusting temperature. When temperature was lower, the air temperature and ground temperature under 5 cm in light conversion film were respectively improved by 0.5~0.8℃and 0.3~0.6℃, but when temperature was more high, they were lower than CK. 2. Vegetables growth in light conversion film were stronger than CK, at the same time overground and underground fresh weight were increased. In harvest time, the yield of spinach, carrot, green soy bean in light conversion film were respectively increased by 13.79%, 11.87% and 9.13%, the nitrate content of vegetables in light conversion film was reduced, but the contents of dry matter, soluble glair and Vc were increased, so the quality of vegetable was improved remarkable.3. The change of light quality in light conversion film induced to the proportion promotion of blue-purple light and red-orange light in transmission spectrum, and increase of photic pigment content, as a result, the photosynthesis speed of spinach in light conversion film was improved. At the same time, The change of light quality affected the activity of antioxidant enzymes, strengthened the activity of protective enzymes in leaves, so the activity of SOD, POD, CAT enzymes were respectively improved by 27.11%, 25.85% and 18.52% in harvest time. However the content of MDA was lower than CK, it’s maximum was 0.29μmol·g-1FW, which was reduced by 25.64%; the electrolytic leakage in cell had the same change trend, which was related with more high activity of SOD, POD and CAT, because they were in favor of cleaning out the membranous peroxide.4. After pesticide sprayed in field, the pesticide residues in vegetables were reduced gradually along with time. But pesticides had different effect on vegetables, the residues of Methamidophos, Chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin were reduced successively. Moreover the residues in different organs were also different, the residue of roots, leaves, stems and legumen was reduced successively. The half life of pesticides in vegetables were also different, The half life of Cypermethrin was longer than Methamidophos and Chlorpyrifos, but difference of the latter was small, for example the half lifes of Methamidophos, Chlorpyrifos, Cypermethrin in spinach root were 6.8, 6.5 and 7.8 d, which in carrot were 8.4, 8.0 and 8.9 d. When vegetables were harvested, the residues of pesticides in carrot, spinach, green soy bean were reduced successively, the residues of Cypermethrin in them were 0.05, 0.02, and 0 mg/kg respectively, which were all under MRL, the residues of Chlorpyrifos were over MRL, except in legumen, but the residues of Methamidophos in vegetables were all over MRL, so it couldn’t be used in safe production of vegetable.5. There are significantly difference in pollution of vegetables after pesticide sprayed on leaves. When Methamidophos, Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin were sprayed on leaves at 1:1000 dilution ratio, there were evidently difference in different organs, the residue in leaves was higher than in roots. In harvest time the residues of Methamidophos, Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin in spinach were 0.02, 0.01 and 0.01 mg/kg respectively, which in carrot were 0.01 mg/kg, 0 and 0 mg/kg respectively, but the residue in green soy bean were 0.01, 0.01, and 0 mg/kg. Besides the residue was correlated positively with sprayed time spaced with harvest time, moreover the residue increased along with concentration.6. The soil was polluted by the pesticide sprayed in field and on leaves, moreover the pollution of pesticides was different, in which the pollution of Methamidophos, Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin were mitigated successively. When pesticides were sprayed in field, the residue in soil was reduced gradually, in prophase the reduced speed was rapider than in anaphase, 90 days later, the residue of Methamidophos, Chlorpyrifos and Cypermethrin were 0.27, 0.21 and 0.07 mg/kg respectively, their degradable rate were 97.1%,97.6% and 94.4% respectively, it is obvious that the speed of Methamidophos and Chlorpyrifos were quicker than Cypermethrin, the half life of them were 23.5, 22.9 and 25.4 d respectively, which had the same difference.更多还原