【作者】 陈雪燕；

【导师】 吉万全；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 种子工程， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 小麦地方品种具有种植历史悠久、类型多样等特点,是陕西省特有的小麦种质资源。它们经过漫长的自然选择,具备了对当地生态环境条件的较强适应性和与之相对应的生产潜力,有着潜在的利用价值。深入分析和评价我省小麦地方品种的基因资源,结合形态学、生化和分子水平上探讨其遗传多样性,将有利于充分发掘其中的优异基因,借此向小麦背景中转移来提高现有栽培小麦品种的遗传多样性。主要研究结果如下:1.对陕西省陕北、关中、陕南三大地区1225份小麦地方品种主要性状的遗传多样性进行了分析和比较,结果表明:7个形态性状、3个农艺性状和2个病害性状都存在着广泛的遗传多样性。通过对三大地区小麦12个性状的比较发现:在株高、千粒重、颖壳颜色3个性状上,陕北地区的遗传多样性指数(H/)较高,存在较大的变异;关中地区在穗粒数、粒色、穗型和赤霉病4个性状上遗传多样性指数(H/)较高,表现较大的变异;陕南地区则在冬春性、成熟期、芒长、硬度和条锈病5个性状遗传多样性指数(H/)较高,变异较大,并且性状内的变异也相当丰富,这些都是陕西小麦资源遗传多样性的重要特征。2.应用SDS-PAGE方法,对陕西1036份小麦地方品种的HWM-GS进行多样性分析研究。研究结果表明,陕西省小麦地方品种高分子量谷蛋白亚基组成具有明显的特点。主要表现在:(1)在Gul—A1位点上,缺失类型亚基null(Gul-A1c)出现频率最高,占97%,属优势亚基类型。稀有亚基2*较少,仅占0.19%;(2)在Gul—B1位点上以7+8亚基居多,占到84.7%。在材料中发现与品质有关的优质亚基14+15,23+24,稀有亚基有7*(0.19%)、6+8*(0.58%)和7*+8(0.19%);(3)在Gul-D1位点中亚基2+12(Gul-D1c)出现频率最高,为96%;优质亚基5+10的频率仅为0.39%。各个位点都有一种占绝对优势的变异类型,Glu—A1位点是Null亚基,Glu-B1位点7+8亚基,Gul-D1位点的2+12亚基,在所分析的供试材料中存在优势亚基,其中5+10、2*和7+8在供试材料中分别达到0.39%、0.19%和84.7%。此外,发现稀有的亚基类型3,7*,6+8*,7*+8等,这些等位变异在本研究中首次发现,对于这些亚基在小麦加工品质和营养品质的作用有待进一步研究。3.结合形态学、高分子量谷蛋白电泳和SSR分子标记三种方法,分别对陕西小麦地方品种中的同名品种进行研究,可以鉴定出同名品种“三月黄”中,来源陕西白水的S481、S487和S492为同一材料,来源商南的S890、S900和S905和蒲城的S449、S465和S469也为同一材料,而S413和S414有待进一步研究鉴定。同名品种“老红麦”中的来自太白的S373和S375与来自白水S548和S494也可认为是同一材料。同名品种“红芒麦”中的来自山阳S960和S983与富县的S260是同一材料。4.对陕西省小麦地方品种中的圆锥小麦进行农艺性状统计分析,并利用高分子量谷蛋白和醇溶蛋白电泳分析了其遗传多样性,结果如下:主要农艺性状分析表明,24份圆锥小麦地方品种的9个农艺性状中存在丰富的变异类型,在24份圆锥小麦地方品种存在部分株高较低,多穗多粒的材料,其中16.7%的材料千粒重都在40g以上。在高分子量麦谷蛋白检测中发现存在部分稀有亚基,如3、4亚基和稀有亚基组合null,14+15,2和null,14+15,4等。此外,发现特殊的亚基类型,在Glu—B1位点上检测到一个二亚基组合Gul-B1-Ⅲ,此亚基类型出现频率最高,达到45.8%。醇溶蛋白电泳检测结果为,来源于陕西省小麦地方品种的24份圆锥小麦,醇溶蛋白谱带表现出很强的多态性,共可分离出48条不同迁移率的谱带,即48种醇溶蛋白组分,每种带型可分离出360条谱带。360种谱带类型在α、β、γ和ω4个区均存在差异,表明它们存在着广泛的等位基因变异,即编码醇溶蛋白的基因位点存在丰富的多态性。更多还原

【Abstract】 Wheat landraces are the specific resources with a long history and different types in Shaanxi. They have strong adaptability to the local environment and production potential undergone natural selections. Therefore, their potential utilization is of great importance. In this article, analysis of the gene-resources of wheat landraces and evaluation of the genetic diversity on morphological, biological and molecular levels were conducted by these basic research which is beneficial to discover the desirable genes and transfer them into other varieties to promote the genetic diversity of cultivars. The main results were as follows:1.Seven morphological and three agronomic traits of 1225 wheat landraces which have were from Northern Shaanxi,Guanzhong,Southern Shaanxi area were investigated and computed.The results show that there are abundant genetic diversity in seven morphologic characters ,three agronomic characters and two diseasetraits of Shaanxi wheat landraces .There are higher genetic diversity indexes(H/)in plant height, 1000-grain weight and glume colour in Landraces from Northern Shaanxi; higher genetic diversity indexes(H/)in kernel number ,kernel color,ear type and scab in landraces from Guanzhong,and higher genetic diversity indexes ( H/ ) in winter and spring ,mature date,awn length,grain hardness,stripe rust in landraces from Southern Shaanxi.These are the important characteristics in genetic diversity of Shaanxi wheat landraces.2.The diversity among 1036 wheat landraces was evaluated by employing the method of SDS-PAGE. The results showed that the composition of HWM-GS had distinctive Characteristics. It showed that:(1) At the Glu-Al locus, the frequency of null subunits (Gul-A1c)was highest( 97% ), indicating that it was a significant subunit. The 2* subunit was rare, only 0.19%. (2) At the Gul-B1locus, 7+8 subunit occupied almost( 84.7%). The High-quality subunits 14+15,23+24 related with quality and rare subunits 7*(0.19%),6+8*(0.58%)and 7*+8(0.19%)were observed in the materials.(3) At the locus Gul-D1t, the frequency of subunit 2+12(Gul-D1c)(96%) was higher and that of desirable subunit 5+10 was only 0.39%.Predominant variation was exhibited at each locus. At the the Glu—A1 locus, it was null subunit; At the Glu-B1 locus, it was subunit 7+8; At the Gul-D1 locus, it was subunit 2+12; 5+10,2* and 7+8 was 0.39%, 0.19%, and 84.7% respectively. Therefore, these materials containing desirable and scared subunits could be used as basic materials in the germplasm resources and offer more choices for breeders.3.By employing the methods of morphology, HWM-GS electrophoresis and SSR, the research were conducted on the cultivars shared the same name among the wheat landraces in Shannxi. It was found that among Sanyuehuang , S481,S487,S492 from Baishui was the same material, and S890,S900,S905 from Shangnan, S449,S465,S469 from Pucheng was the same material. It remained to be seen whether S413 and S 414 was the same material. It was also found that among Laohongmai, S373 and S375 from Taibai, S548 and S494 from Baishui was the same material. Among Hongmangmai, S960 and S983 from Shanyang, S260 from Fuxian was the same material.4.The agronomic traits were investigated and analyzed, and the genetic diversity among Turgidum wheat was evaluated by using HWM-GS and prolamine electrophoresis. Analysis of the main agronomic traits showed that there was abundant variation among 9 traits of 24 wheat landraces. Some materials characterized by lower plant height, more panicles and seeds were found; 1000-grains weight of 16.7% of 24 Turgidum wheat landraces reached more than 40g. In addition, scared subunit 3, 4 and the combination of scared subunit null,14+15,2 and null,14+15,4 were found when HWM-GS electrophoresis was conducted. Special subunit, Gul-B1-Ⅲat the Glu-B1 locus, its frequency reaching 45.8%,was detected. Prolamine electrophoresis showed that the types of patterns of prolamine exhibited polymorphism among 24 Turgidum Wheat. 48 types of patterns with different Rf were observed and 360 bands were observed in each pattern. There was difference inα、β、γandωregion among these bands, indicating that there was extensive mutation in alleles, that was to say, there was polymorphism in the gene locus which encoded the prolamine.更多还原