【作者】 孙秀丽；

【导师】 张晶；

【作者基本信息】 东北林业大学 ， 英语语言文学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 礼貌是语用学的一个重要分支，是一种复杂的社会和文化现象，其核心是面子。国内外的许多学者对此进行了大量的研究。在西方，礼貌的研究始于二十世纪初。最具影响力的理论是Leech的礼貌原则以及Brown和Levinson的面子理论。随着礼貌理论的发展，Ron Scollon和Suzanne Wong Scollon提出整体面子系统的概念，并强调面子的双重性，对称性以及非对称性。在中国，顾曰国的研究具有相当的影响力，他首次提出了具有中国特色的礼貌原则。本文所应用的理论包括：文化与礼貌，Brown和Levinson的礼貌原则以及RonScollon和Suzanne Wong Scollon的礼貌原则。三个理论紧密结合从整体上构成论文的理论基础。文化和礼貌密不可分。礼貌是文化的基础，没有文化，人类无法生存。基于文化的不同，在同一种文化中视为礼貌的行为在另一种文化中可能是不礼貌的行为。因而导致了礼貌行为的非对称性。礼貌策略随着文化的变化而变化。所以，为了增进跨文化的交流，研究礼貌理论和策略是非常必须的。礼貌作为语用学理论，首次被Brown和Levinson系统化。无论何种文化，面子都是礼貌原则的核心概念。因此，Brown和Levinson礼貌理论的核心是面子。他们把面子定义为“积极面子”和“消极面子”。随着礼貌原则的发展，Ron Scollon和SuzanneWong Scollon指出面子是一种系统。并从面子的双重性和面子系统的角度来分析面子理论。本文试图从语用学的角度和社会语言学的角度对礼貌原则进行研究，分析Brown和Levinson的礼貌原则是否与中国大陆的礼貌使用原则相一致，以及Ron Scollon和Suzanne Wong Scollon的面子系统是否真正地对跨文化交流有益。本文采用数据统计的方法对Brown和Levinson，Ron Scollon和Suzanne Wong Scollon的礼貌原则在中国的适用性进行了研究，采用问卷调查的形式来收集语料。调查对象共180人，分别来自不同职业、不同年龄段，并接受过不同层次的教育。本文中的调查问卷围绕Brown和Levinson的礼貌原则以及Ron Scollon和Suzanne Wong Scollon的面子系统而设计。依据调查问卷所得数据，通过分析中外被调查对象所采用的礼貌策略的频率分布，探讨了中外礼貌策略的差异，并指出礼貌原则非对称性的内在原因，即：信息非对称。信息非对称是一个经济术语，指的是交际中的一方拥有比另一方更多的信息。信息非对称导致了一些不可避免的问题，如定式，偏见，文化休克等。在数据分析的基础上，非对称性特点体现在：人际关系，文化语篇以及非语言交流等几方面。本文强调了跨文化交际中礼貌原则非对称性的礼貌策略，以及非对称性的礼貌策略给我们的启示，目的是：使我们在跨文化交际中提高对信息非对称性的重视，尽量减少交际双方的误解，成功地进行交际。更多还原

【Abstract】 Politeness has become one of the important branches of pragmatics. Politeness is a complicated social and cultural phenomenon. The kernel concept in politeness is face. Scholars home and abroad have done plenty of research into this phenomenon. In the west, it can be traced back to the beginning of the twentieth century. Leech’s Politeness Principle, and Brown and Levinson’s Face Theory are now two most influential. With the development of politeness theory, Ron Scollon and Suzanne Wong Scollon put forward the concept of the global face system and emphasize the paradox of face as well as symmetrical and asymmetrical face systems. In China, Gu Yueguo’s study is one of the most influential. He is the first to propose the Politeness Maxims with Chinese characteristics.The theories applied in the thesis include culture and ,politeness, Brown and Levinson’s politeness principle, as well as Ron Scollon and Suzanne Wong Scollon’s politeness principle. The three theories are closely related and combined together to form the theoretical foundations of the thesis as a whole. Culture and politeness often go hand in hand. Politeness is the keystone of culture, and human culture cannot exist without politeness. Due to the cultural differences, what is polite in one culture may not be polite in another. These add up to an essential asymmetry in politeness behavior. The politeness strategies we adopt are changing from culture to culture. So it is very necessary to investigate the politeness theories and politeness strategies to help improve intercultural communication.Politeness as a pragmatics theory was first systematized by Brown and Levinson. Face is the central concept in politeness principle of all cultures. So the key concept of Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory is face. They state that "Face" comes in two varieties. One is "positive face", the other is "negative face". With the development of politeness theories, Ron Scollon and Suzanne Wong Scollon point out that face is a kind of system. They also analyze the face from different aspects such as the paradox of face and face systems, etc.The thesis attempts to study the politeness principle from the perspectives of pragmatics and sociolinguistics. The study tries to investigate whether Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory conforms to people’s daily politeness use in China and whether Ron Scollon and Suzanne Wong Scollon’s face system can be really helpful to us in intercultural communication. The method of data collecting has been used to analyze the application of Brown and Levinson, Ron Scollon and Suzanne Wong Scollon’s politeness theory in China. To collect data, questionnaires are distributed among altogether 180 people with different educational backgrounds, different occupations and different ages. The questionnaire in our thesis designed is based on Brown and Levinson’s politeness principles and Ron Scollon and Suzanne Wong Scollon’s face systems.On the basis of the data collected from questionnaires, the frequency distributions of the politeness strategies employed by the native subjects and the foreign subjects were calculated. Then the differences of the native subjects’ and the foreign subjects’ politeness strategies were analyzed. The basic cause for the asymmetry of politeness principle is traced from the analyses, which is information asymmetry. Information asymmetry is an economic term which means a situation in which one has more or superior information compared to another. There are some unavoidable problems caused by information asymmetry, such as stereotypes, prejudice and cultural shock etc. Based on the results of data analyses, the asymmetrical features are reflected from such aspects as interpersonal relationship, cultural context and non-verbal communication, etc. The strategies in intercultural communication are highlighted in the paper and the enlightenment of asymmetrical strategies is emphasized as well. The purpose of the thesis is to heighten the importance of information asymmetry, to reduce the possibility of misunderstanding between the two sides as much as possible and to achieve a satisfactory intercultural communication.更多还原