【作者】 童金城；

【导师】 陈成文；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 社会学， 2007， 硕士

【副题名】以劳动时间为切入点

【摘要】 研究农民工劳动时间问题不仅有利于农民工权益状况的改善、构建和谐的劳动关系，还可以缓解SA8000的出台和推行对中国企业发展的冲击，化被动为主动，先行研究和制定与国际接轨的劳工标准，促进国内企业的发展。本文运用个案访谈的方法调查了13个农民工的工作时间、加班工资支付、闲暇、休息和健康、培训等方面的情况，分析了较长的劳动时间和较低的工资待遇对农民工生活的影响。并运用埃默森的交换网络理论分析农民工承受劳动时间过长和工资待遇低的绝对剥夺状态和这种状态得以长期维持的原因。首先，研究发现，农民工的工作时间较长，闲暇时间少或者业余生活特别单调，休息和健康权利没有得到保证。其次，农民工被排斥在工会之外，农民工一般没有与单位签订劳动合同或者仅是短期合同，医疗、养老、失业保障等制度方面的缺失不利于农民工的权利维护。再次，权力失衡与农民工权利维护。认为由于供求关系严重失衡，农民工与用人单位形成权力失衡的交换关系。农民工因为个体维权机制、退出机制、自我提升机制、集体维权机制和政府失灵等方面的原因，无力扭转这种不平衡的交换关系，所以只能接受绝对剥夺的状态。接着，本文分析了政府利益取向与农民工的权利维护。认为在以GDP衡量领导政绩和中国特定的税收体制下，地方政府作为理性人，会追求自身利益的最大化，在维护劳工权益和改善投资环境之间会自然地偏向后者。本文的结论认为，与一般工人相比，中国农民工最大的特点就是其身份上的双重性：从职业身份上看，他们是工人；但从户籍身份和心理归属上看，他们依然是农民。正是这种身份上的二重性使得他们体会到的相对剥夺感也具有二重性：一方面与城市人相比，其相对剥夺感很强；另一方面，与其来源地的农村人相比，其相对剥夺感又不那么明显。正由于后一重相对剥夺感的存在，使得农民工能够忍受严重的绝对剥夺状态。在城市打工不是挣外快儿，而是主要收入来源，无论工作多么辛苦，与在农村相比还是要好一些。本文最后提出几点讨论：一是关于构建和谐劳动关系。认为当前劳动关系的和谐是建立在农民工的绝对剥夺基础上，从根本上解决农民工的国民待遇问题才能构建长远和谐的劳动关系，认为应当消除农民工体制，可以考虑制定全日制劳动者最低小时工资标准。认为在制定最低小时工资标准的情况下，农民工的工作时间越长，得到的工资就会越多，企业就不能靠延长工作时间来降低生产成本，农民工在工作时间方面的权利将得到保障。二是农民工技能培训的缺乏导致的社会剥夺链也使得农民工只能接受绝对剥夺的状态，国家应当强力限制农民工的工作时间，提高农民工的工资水平，留出一定的时间和金钱用于农民工的培训，并且应当作为农民工培训的主要组织者和投资者。更多还原

【Abstract】 Research on the rural migrant workers’ working time is not onlyhelpful to improve their rights and interests situation, build harmoniouslabor relation, but also can relieve the impingement to Chinese enterprisethe SA8000’s appearing and carrying out brings, turn passiveness intoinitiative, studying and working out the laborer standard in conformitywith the international practice in advance, promote the development ofdomestic enterprise.This paper has surveyed thirteen rural migrants’ work time, payment,leisure, rest, health and training with case interview method, and analyzedthe impact of longer work hours and lower salary pay over peasantlaborer life. Besides, this paper explains why the peasant laborer canbear the absolute depriving state of so long work hours and lower salarypay and why the absolute depriving state can maintain over a long periodof time with Richard M. Emerson’s Exchange Theory.Firstly, the research finds that, the migrant workers work long, havelittle or monotonous and boring leisure time. The right of rest and healthdoes not get guarantee.Secondly, out of labor union, no labor contract or a short-term contract,without medical insurance, pension insurance and unemployment insurance,all of these system hiatuses are harmful for the right of the migrantworkers to defend.Thirdly, this paper views the rural migrants and their enterprise asthe two sides with exchanging relation, thinks they are in a kind ofunequal commutation relation. Since the individual thinking right islacking in strength, resigning is not a high cost and high risk choice,technique lining chance is very small, government failure, the collectivethinking right strength is weak, they have no ability to reverse theunequal commutation relation, only accept the absolute depriving state.Then, the paper analyzes government benefit choosing and themigrant workers’ right defension, thinks that in the system of measuringleaders’ political achievements with GDP and specially appointed tax revenue ,local government, as a rational individual, will run aftermaximizing self-interest, may be partial to the latter at ease betweendefending laborer rights and improving the investment climate.This paper concludes that, compared with general workers, thecharacteristic of the Chinese rural migrants is their identity with dualnature: judging from occupation identity, they are workers; but judgingfrom census register and mentality belonging, they are peasants as before. Exactly for the dual nature in identity, theirrelative depriving feeling also has dual nature: compared with city people,the migrant workers’ relative depriving feeling is very strong; comparedwith the rural people in his hometown, it is not so obvious. Just becauseof the existence of relative depriving feeling, the migrant workers are ableto endure the absolute deprivation. Working in the city is not to strugglefor the extra income, but the main income stemming from. However hardthe work is, it is better than in the countryside.Lastly, the paper brings forward some questions to discuss and studyfurther. The first is about structuring harmonious labor relations, thinkingthat current harmonious labor relation is based on the rural migrants’absolute deprivation, only resolving the problem of national treatment ofthe rural migrants’ workers fundamentally can build long-termharmonious labor relation, that is, The government should abolish therural migrant workers’ system. And the government can think to work outa minimum hourly wage standard for full-time laborers. Under thecondition of the hourly wage standard, if people work with more hours,they will get more money. The enterprises are not capable to reduceproduct cost by prolong working time, and the right of the rural migrantworkers will be ensured. The second, the paper thinks that, the socialdeprivation chain caused by training insufficiency also leads to theiraccepting the absolute depriving state, the government ought to restrictworking time strictly, raise wage level, set apart some time and moneybeing used for their training, and ought to be the main organizer andinvestor of the rural migrants’ training.更多还原