【作者】 姚锐；

【导师】 孙杰远；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 课程与教学论， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 20世纪的教育经历了两大变革,一是技术的应用,二是对学习的深入研究。技术与学习理论在各自的领域里独自发展起来,但是,随着技术广泛应用于教育,日益呈现出把二者结合起来的必要性。特别是20世纪后半期,产生了一个新的研究领域——教育技术学,研究技术与教育理论(主要是学习理论)整合于教育。研究越深入,越显现出技术与学习理论之间相互依赖、相互促进的互动关系。在教育技术学研究领域,技术与教育理论“整合”的观念已被广泛接受。当我们深入考察技术与学习理论,并把它们分别当作研究对象,教育技术学的历史发展轨迹以及未来发展趋势中,揭示出二者相互作用、相互促进的关系。由于各种原因,虽然在本领域的经典著作找到对这种互动关系关注的迹象,然而很少将它作为一个独立的研究问题。本文在教育技术学的基本框架内,选取一个视角同时探讨技术与学习理论两个方面,力图阐明两者是如何相互作用、相互促进的。20世纪上半期,电影、广播、电视等视听技术发明,先后应用于教育,引发了视听教育运动。技术带来了普遍的乐观气氛,爱迪生预言“电影将代替教科书……”。其他技术专家也指望“广播像黑板一样普及”,对新的技术电视充满期待。视听技术在一些情况下确实取得了令人瞩目的成就。但是,在正规的学校系统,视听技术引起的变革并不显著。这向我们提出了一个表面上看来似乎矛盾的问题:为什么视听技术没有能够像预期那样,在正规的学校教育中发挥出它的潜力?也许可以将原因部分归结为两个方面:其一,设备昂贵,安装、维修与使用的复杂性等,以及许多实践工作者把注意力放在视听设备上而未曾关注教学过程本身。其二,信息技术的崛起。我们认为,在视听技术发展并应用于教育的整个过程中,受限于学习理论的贫乏,它无法很好地发挥作用。过去人们总是习惯于看到技术的物质方面,以为把技术应用于教育是理所当然的事情,放大技术创新的力量,忽视学习理论的作用。任何设备和技术要在教育中发挥作用,都离不开对人类学习过程的深入研究,离不开学习理论的指导。然而我们也注意到,视听技术在其发展并应用于教育期间,恰好也是学习理论逐渐形成的时期。即技术本身还比较粗糙,学习理论也不精致。对该问题的回答,必须从理解技术与学习理论的相互关系的视角加以考察。程序教学机的开发与应用则反映出可行的学习理论需要技术的支持,受技术条件的制约。程序教学,是将知识学习细分为一系列过程,每一个过程的复杂程度都比上一个过程深。也就是我们通常所说的,按照螺旋式上升的序列提供学习材料。每一次学习的知识量都比较合适的。在程序教学的发展过程中、在教学机器的使用推广中,技术具有很大的制约作用。程序教学从20世纪50年代到80年代,基本上处于技术滞后的状态,所以程序教学机器由于营养不良发育不全。80年代后,基于微型计算机的计算机辅助教学(CAI)则把程序教学的理论真正地付诸实践,早期用于CAI的计算机,完全是斯金纳教学机器在新技术条件下的一个变式。随着信息技术的崛起,推动了计算机辅助教学,并且以通信理论、信息技术、人工智能为基础,创建了信息加工心理学和认知科学,引起了学习理论的革命。在另一种更广的意义上,信息技术本身也能为心理学提供“模型”。计算机处理数据的各个程序是人脑“处理信息”过程的假设性原型。正是根据这个原型,“认知心理学”自50年代起得到了迅速的发展,尽管认知心理学也得益于早期一些观念的重新发现(对无法直接观察的心理过程的关注),以及早期心理学家使用的实验范式(通过对被试行为的精细时间分析来研究这些过程)。多样化的新技术不断涌现,构成了丰富技术的学习环境,从而促进了学习理论的发展。关于丰富技术环境学习的研究成果了拓宽了学习理论研究的范围,丰富了学习理论的内涵。学习理论应对技术提出挑战,以技术及其引发的学习变革为素材,通过不断向新领域拓展,使自身在新的平台上得以进化。在这个意义上,技术促进了学习理论的发展。另一方面,学习理论反过来也为构建丰富技术学习环境提供理论基础,采用何种技术、如何最好地发挥技术的效用,要以学习理论为标准进行判断。从教育技术的整个演进历程看,技术与学习理论之间存在着一种相互依赖、相互促进的互动关系。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the just passed 20th century, education has been changed deeply by two factors: one is technologies; the other is learning theory, which both developed independently. Technology was applied in education more often and integrated with learning theory. So in the late of 20th century, a new research domain was born,which named as instruction technology and now we call it education technology.Education technology development is due to two routes which are technology and learning theory. But the relation between technology and learning theory was ignored. The mutual action relation between technology and learning theory should be inquired. It means we can study education technology from a new viewpoint. This paper reviewed important history events and famous writings discussed the relation between technology and learning theory.Half before of the 20th century, film and broadcast and television were created and applied in education soon, result in audio-visual education movement. Technologies brought hopeful mood. Edison said“Books soon be obsolete in schools,…we get about two percent efficiency out of schoolbooks as they are written today. The education of the future, as I see it, will be conducted through the medium of the motion picture…where it should be possible to obtain one hundred percent efficiency.”Other experts of technologies presumed upon broadcast would prevalent as blackboard, pinned their great hope on new technologies. Audio-visual instruction had obtained compelling success in some areas, such as television broadcast university of China and agriculture technology spread program in India and Open University in Britain. But because there was not substantial learning theory, audio-visual technology and audio-visual education movement had not satisfied the expectancies. Technologies are not effective without appropriate learning theory. However when Audio-visual technologies were born and applied into education, learning theory was in forming process, technologies were at lowness phase and learning theory was not refined. Technologies detached from learning theory. Technologies function effectively only if learning theory be inquiried deeply.Program instruction machine based on feasible learning theory, but there has no sufficient support by technology. Program instruction organizing instruction through little by little steps, with the next step is more difficult than the before. Skinner designed instruction machine for program instruction. Until personal computer was born, the idea of program instruction could not change into reality. Followed growing up of information technology, CAI (computer assisted instruction) was the rage. CAI depends on the theory of program instruction largely. Both audio-visual technologies and program instruction reflected technology and learning theory needs for each other.Communication theory and information technology and artificial intelligence all together caused establishment of information process psychics and cognition science, brought revolution of learning theory. Mechanism of computer process information is the hypothesis prototype of human cognition. It is because of the hypothesis prototype, cognitive psychics developed fleetly from 1950s. This indicates technologies can promote development of learning theory.All kinds of emerging technologies make up of technology-riched learning environment and accelerated development of learning theory.View from the whole development history of education technology, there has mutual action relation between technology and learning theory.更多还原