优先购买权制度研究

【作者】 杨善长；

【导师】 洪学军；

【作者基本信息】 西南政法大学 ， 民商法学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 优先购买权作为民商事法律中的一项重要的制度，是指特定人约定或依法律规定，在特定的买卖关系中，于所有人出卖财产时，依法享有在同等条件下，优先于其他人购买的权利。我国现行法律对优先购买权的规定颇不完善，导致在理论和实践中的诸多混淆，文章在肯定这一制度存在价值的基础上，对优先购买权(主要侧重于承租人的优先购买权和共有人的优先购买权)的一些基本问题进行了理论上的探讨，期能澄清理论上的困惑且能裨益于实践。在结构上，除了引言和结语，文章分为六部分。依次为优先购买权的概念、特征和种类，优先购买权的历史沿革，优先购买权的法律价值分析，优先购买权的法律性质分析，优先购买权的法律效力以及优先购买权的行使。首先，文章通过对优先购买权内涵和外延的界定，分析了优先购买权的概念，并将其与优先权概念进行比较，得出优先购买权并非优先权的结论。文章进一步分析了优先购买权的法律特征，它们分别是：优先购买权是对私法自治原则的一种限制；优先购买权具有法定性；优先购买权具有一定程度的依附性。依据不同的标准可以对优先购买权进行不同的分类，其法律意义在于不同的优先购买权竞合时，可以确定不同的处理原则。第二部分，文章对优先购买权的历史沿革分别从中国法制史上的优先购买权和外国法制史上的优先购买权进行了考察。对前者分别介绍了中国古代的优先购买权制度和现行法上的优先购买权制度，对后者分别阐述了大陆法国家的优先购买权制度和英美法国家的优先购买权制度。第三部分，文章从法律的价值理论入手，分析得出优先购买权具有稳定社会秩序、简化物上关系、降低交易成本、促进物尽其用等价值和功能。同时，文章也指出，优先购买权制度中也存在着某些违背其价值目标实现的因素，但这并不足以成为废弃优先购买权的理由，我国民事立法应该保留并完善优先购买权制度。第四部分，对于学界难以达成共识的优先购买权的法律性质，文章首先分别对当前流行的期待权说、附条件的形成权说、债权或请求权说、物权说进行了介绍和评析，其中重点反驳了物权说。认为优先购买权的对抗效力有别于物权的对抗效力，仅从优先购买权具有对抗效力出发即得出优先购买权具有物权性的观点似有不妥，而将优先购买权直接归入物权的做法更有待商榷。我们应该明确这样的理念：对抗效力不是为某一种或某几种权利所独有，它应该具备开放性，哪种权利具有对抗效力取决于此种权利设计所欲达到的社会目的，凡只有具备对抗效力才能实现制度设计的初衷的，我们就可以赋予其对抗效力，优先购买权的对抗效力即是如此，因为只有赋予其对抗效力，才能切实的维护优先购买权人的利益，否则优先购买权的“优先”就无从体现。尔后文章从民法上的权利体系理论入手，得出如下结论：在讨论优先购买权的性质时，我们就不应仅从某一角度来审视，更不应该作出非此即彼的论断，而是应该从民法上的权利类别出发来厘定优先购买权的法律性质，从而分析得出优先购买权是与物权和债权并列的一种财产权、形成权、绝对权、专属权、从权利。第五部分，文章分别从出卖人、权利人和第三人三个角度对优先购买权的法律效力进行了论述，重点探讨了优先购买权对第三人的效力，认为应将第三人区分为善意第三人和恶意第三人两种。在第三人为恶意的情况下，出卖人与第三人的买卖合同的效力不可一概而论，而应区分不同情形具体分析：出卖人与第三人恶意串通订立的买卖合同一律无效；出卖人与第三人没有串通所订立的买卖合同视合同履行情况而定：如果合同未履行，标的物所有权未转移，合同有效；如果合同已履行，标的物所有权已转移，权利人请求法院撤销买卖行为的，合同自始无效，权利人不行使撤销权(放弃优先购买权)，买卖合同有效。在第三人为善意的情况下第三人的利益应该受到保护，至于第三人是否应该实际得到标的物的所有权，要区分其与出卖人所订之买卖合同是否已履行而定，如果未履行，权利人的优先购买权不受影响，权利人仍可基于优先购买权实际取得标的物所有权。如果合同已履行完毕，善意第三人可取得并保有标的物所有权。最后一部分讨论了优先购买权的行使问题。分别从优先购买权的行使主体、行使期限、行使条件以及优先购买权的冲突及其解决等方面进行了论述。更多还原

【Abstract】 Pre-emptive right refers to the privilege granted by law or contract to purchase the object in advance of the third party of same conditions.It is an important institution of civil law. While China’s existing legislation on pre-emptive fight is far from perfect, which leads to a lot of confusion in juridical practice. In the thesis,the author manages to analyze pre-emptive right in order to advantage practice.In the structure,the article divides into six parts.In turn they are the concept,characteristic and type of pre-emptive right,the historical evolution of re-emptive right, the legal value analysis of pre-emptive right, the legal nature analysis of pre-emptive right, the legal effect as well as the functioning of pre-emptive right. In the first part, by limiting the connotation and the extension ofpre-emptive right,the author analyzed the concept of it.The author further analyzed the legal characteristic of pre-emptive fight. Based on different standard, pre-emptive right can be classified into different types, its legal significance lies in that we may determine the different processing principle when different pre-emptive right conflicts.In the second part,the author studied the history of the Pre-emptive right in both China and foreign countries, from which we can conclude pre-emptive right comes into being for the need of society development, In the third part,the author studied the legal value of pre-emptive right It plays an indispensable role with respect to stabilizing the economical order,decreasing the cost of transaction and promoting the harmonious of society. At the same time,the article also pointed out that, pre-emptive right also contain some factors which violate the realization of the value goal of it.But that is not sufficient enough to be the reason of abandoning Pre-emptive right.So the author claims we should keep and amend the pre-emptive right.In the fourth part,the author analyzed the nature of pre-emptive right.There are some typical theories about the nature of pre-emptive right,through analyzing and commenting them,the author draws the conclusion that pre-emptive right is kind of property right,absolute right, exclusive right, subordinate rightIn the fifth part,the author studied the legal effect of pre-emptive righ.the author thinks that pre-emptive figh can resist the third person who has evil intentions.If the contrct between the seller the third person who has evil intention has been fulfilled and the ownership of the property has been shifted to the third peason,the contract should be judged to be invalid.But pre-emptive righ can not resist the third person ownering good intentions the interest of whom should be protected.In the last part,the author analyzed the problem of how to realize pre-emptive righ.some discussions are made on the condition,period and concunency of pre-emptive righ.更多还原