【作者】 张云鹏；

【导师】 何林；

【作者基本信息】 西南大学 ， 农药学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 化学农药自产生以来就对人类的发展和农业生产起着重要的作用，但由于盲目使用也带来了一系列的不良效应。面对当前人口、环境、生态和健康方面的压力和要求，对农业生产上使用的化学农药提出了新的要求和标准，即化学农药的使用既要继续保持并保证农业的稳产增收，又要最大限度地降低对环境、生态和健康的不利影响。化学除草虽有其高效的特点，但在实际使用中或多或少要对主栽作物产生影响或有药物残留，如何使其对主栽品种的药害降到最低，对人类影响减到最小，成为目前亟待解决的问题。酰胺类除草剂是一种高效、高选择性的触杀性除草剂。该类化合物具有高生物活性、高选择性、推广使用剂量下对作物安全、在植物体内或土壤中易降解等特点，得到广泛的应用。同时，酰胺类除草剂对作物存在着隐性药害，特别是用药量过大、或施药后遇持续低温高湿天气时，可能会严重影响作物的生长。本实验以甲草胺（Alachlor）、乙草胺（Acetochlor）、异丙甲草胺（Metolachlor）为研究对象，通过室内模拟调节温湿度条件，观察作物的抑制率情况，进行安全性评估研究，得出以下结论：1不同环境因子对3种酰胺类除草剂毒力的影响通过室内盆栽试验测量作物株高和鲜重的方法，分别对甲草胺、乙草胺、异丙甲草胺在不同温度及不同湿度条件下对油菜和玉米的毒力的影响进行了比较。通过两种植物的出苗率可以看出，随着除草剂剂量的增大，三个环境因子对油菜和玉米的出苗率有减小的趋势，但总体影响不大，在高剂量的条件下，对两种植物的出苗率有一定影响。实验结果表明：3种药剂作用在玉米和油菜上，毒力随着湿度的增加而升高，毒力随着温度的升高或降低都会升高，并且在低温条件下毒力最大；在土壤pH值为5和9时，3种除草剂对两种供试作物的ED₅₀都减小，毒力升高，并且在土壤pH值为9时毒力最高，药害最大，药害对作物的影响最严重。2不同环境组合对酰胺类除草剂的毒力影响以玉米和油菜作为供试植物，根据目前相关资料的报道，通过正交试验设计选择不同的温度、土壤相对湿度以及土壤pH值进行组合，探讨环境因素组合对三种酰胺类除草剂毒力的影响。以温度、土壤相对湿度和土壤pH值为因素，进行3因素、3水平的正交试验，根据三种除草剂对作物的毒力的比较，结果表明：当在温度5℃、土壤相对湿度90％、土壤pH值为9的环境条件下时，毒力最大，当在温度15℃、土壤相对湿度90％、土壤pH值为9的环境条件下时，毒力最大，3种酰胺类除草剂对玉米的药害最为严重。通过3因素、3水平的正交试验，在浓度安全的条件下，测定三种除草剂在不同的环境因素条件时，对油菜、玉米的鲜重及株高，进行新复极差检验，可以得出三种酰胺类除草剂无论对油菜或者玉米，都是土壤湿度的影响最大，温度的影响次之，土壤pH值的影响相对最小；低温高湿环境是酰胺类除草剂最易产生药害的环境，通过不同的环境条件组合对三种酰胺类除草剂影响的比较，进一步探讨了该类除草剂使用时应注意的问题，为科学合理使用该类除草剂的提供理论依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 Chemical pesticide always plays an important effect on people’s development and agricultural production, but it also brings a lot of problems because of abusing. In the face of the press and request of population、environments zoology and healthiness, there are a higher request and standard of chemical pesticide used in agricultural production. That means the using of chemical pesticide should not only keep the raising the produce steadily but also reducing the adverse effect on environment、zoology and healthiness.Though chemical herbicide has the characteristic of high effect, it effects prime crop more or less when is used in practice or leads pesticide hangover, at present It’s a urgent problem to solve that how to reduce harm for prime crop and influence on people to minimum.Acyl Amino Herbicide is touch killing pesticide, which is mainly used to kill weed. With high active of biology、high selectivity and safety for plant under commended dosage, it will decompose in plant or soil easily. So it is used widely. Meanwhile, Acyl Amino Herbicide has harm to crops, especially when the dosage is big or the weather is cold and watery when it is sprayed, it is not widespread especially in ChongQing. Experiment takes Alachlor,Acetochlor and Metolachlor as object to study, we simulate the temperature and humidity of Chongqing in lab, observe the degree of restraining crop, and evaluate the security, and the conclusion is:1 Effect of 3 Acyl Amino Herbicides at Single factorExperiments on toxicity of alachlor、acetochlor and metolachlor on maize and cole were conducted under different temperature、humiture and pH of soil conditions in Lab. Lab test showed that, the 3 acyl amino herbicides to maize and cole were: toxicity became more and more higher with increasing of humidity, and detrimental effects became more and more obvious; besides these, both the higher temperature and lower temperature, the 3 acyl amino herbicides had detrimental effects, and the lower temperature had the worst effect;When the pH of soil value is 5 or 9,3 acyl amino herbicides had detrimental effects too, and is 9 time toxicity is highest in the pH of soil value, the chemical damage is biggest.2 Effect of environment to Acyl Amino Herbicides Find the worst condition from experiments on toxicity of 3 Acyl Amino Herbicides. Determine Acyl Amino Herbicides under different temperature、humiture and pH of soil in Lab using a rational regression design with three factors and three levels. When the temperature is 8°C、humiture is 90%、pH of soil is 9,the toxicity is largest and the condition is the worst on cole; and when the temperature is 18°C、humiture is 90%、pH of soil is 9,the toxicity is largest and the condition is the worst on maize.Through 3 factors, 3 level orthogonal experiments, in under the safety dosage condition. Determines three Acyl Amino Herbicides when the different environmental factor condition, test the fresh weight and high, carries on the new heteropolar bond difference examination, may obtain three kind of Acyl Amino Herbicides to the maize and cole’s influence all is humiture for biggest, temperature next best, soil pH value relative smallest; lower temperature and higher humiture environment is the Acyl Amino Herbicides is easiest to produce the chemical damage environment, draws the conclusion basically with the front chapter same.更多还原