【作者】 程玉菲；

【导师】 王根绪；

【作者基本信息】 兰州大学 ， 水文学及水资源， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 黑河流域是我国第二大内陆河流域，近年来随着工农业的迅速发展，各部门的用水量急剧增长，用水矛盾的突出导致下游地下水位下降，河流干涸，生态环境恶化。蒸散发作为一个重要的水循环要素，对产生区域性气象干旱、水文干旱以及农业干旱起着重要的作用。本研究将初步探索区域作物蒸发蒸腾量的时空分布规律，对干早地区灌溉农业的发展模式、制度制定、农业结构调整、生态建设等科研问题和生产实际问题提供参考，对促进水资源-生态-经济-社会复合系统良性循环以及实现农业可持续发展和干旱区水资源的可持续利用具有重要的科学意义。本文得出以下结论：(1)利用FAO Penman-Monteith公式和黑河中游4个气象站点(甘州(张掖)、高台、临泽、民乐)和附近上游2个气象站点(肃南和山丹)近40a的气象数据资料，分别计算了各站点的蒸散发潜力，确定蒸散发系数，得出近40a来各站点的实际蒸散量。结合黑河中游甘州(张掖)、高台、临泽和民乐这四个地区的三期遥感影像资料分析了1967、1986、2000年这三年的土地利用变化，结果表明这四个地区的农田总面积逐年增加，增加速度为16.87km~2/a，20世纪60年代到90年代末期草地的面积呈减少的趋势，平均每年减少38.25km~2。盐碱地、裸土地、裸岩石砾地的面积均有增加的趋势。1967年、1986年和2000年的农田作物实际蒸发蒸腾总量分别为11.13×10~8m~3、13.16×10~8m~3和14.91×10~8m~3，随着近年来气候逐渐变暖和农田面积的不断增加，农田总的蒸发蒸腾量也呈增加的趋势。(2)黑河中游干流地区四个站蒸发蒸腾量均呈减小的趋势，其中张掖和民乐的变化幅度不大，高台和临泽明显减小，空间上总体呈现出由上游向下游、由山区到平原增加的趋势。在时间分布上黑河干流中游地区四个站多年蒸发蒸腾量总体上均呈减小趋势。夏季的蒸发蒸腾量远大于其他季节，月平均作物实际蒸发蒸腾量最大值出现在夏季(6月或7月)，最小值出现在冬季(12月或1月)。地形、气候和植被或土地利用情况是影响蒸发蒸腾量空间变异性的主要因素，分析黑河干流中游地区及其附近6个气象站点纬度和海拔等地形条件对作物实际蒸发蒸腾量的影响表明：1月、10月、11月和12月四个月份作物实际蒸发蒸腾量与纬度之间表现出一定的负相关关系，与海拔之间表现出一定的正相关关系。近40a来黑河中游平原地区气候向暖湿气候转变，降水量增加、空气湿度增大、风速减小是这个区域作物实际蒸发蒸腾量呈减小趋势的重要原因。除此之外，近年来该地区大力治理荒漠，退耕还草还林，对该区域的蒸散量也有一定的影响。(3)本文利用了地理信息系统软件ARCVIEW3.2的表面、分析功能和空间插值，建立了流域内参考作物蒸发蒸腾量和实际蒸发蒸腾量的空间分布式模型。用回归方法，Spline样条插值法及IDW反距离加权插值法得到的模型差异很大，考虑到研究区域的范围较大，建立模型的尺度较大以及气象站点的数量较少，利用Spline样条插值法及IDW反距离加权插值法计算结果不理想，利用回归方法计算出来的结果较好。更多还原

【Abstract】 Heihe River basin is second big inland river basin in our country. Along with industry and agriculture rapid development in recent years, various departments’ water consumption grows suddenly, the water used contradictory causes the downstream ground water level to drop prominently, the rivers are dry, ecological environment worsening. The evapotranspiration is an important water cycle factor, which is playing the vital role in producing regional meteorology drought, the hydrology drought as well as the agriculture drought. This research initially will explore the temporal and spatial distribution rule of area crops evapotranspiration, which will provide the reference for arid area scientific research questions and the production actual problem and irrigation farming development pattern, system formulation, agricultural structure adjustment, ecology construction, which has the vital scientific significance for promoting the water resources-ecology-economy-society multiplexed system positive cycle, realizing the agricultural sustainable development and the arid area water resources sustainable utilize. This article draws following conclusions:(1) Using FAO the Penman-Monteith formula and the near 40a meteorological data of Heihe middle reaches 4 meteorological stations(Ganzhou(Zhangye), Gaotai, Linze, Minle) and neighbor upstream 2 meteorological stations(Sunan and Shandan), this article calculated various stations evapotranspiration potential separately, determined evapotranspiration coefficient, and obtained the various stations actual evapotranspiration quantity in the recent 40a. Combining with three different issue’ remote sensing images data of Ganzhou(Zhangye), Gaotai, Linze, Minle of Heihe River middle reaches, this article analyzed the land use change of in 1967, 1986 and 2000. The result indicated that the farmland total area of these four locals increases year after year, the increase rate is 16.87km~2/a, grassland area shows reducing tendency from 20 century 60’s to the 90’s, the average year reduces 38.25 km2. The saline and alkali land, the bare land, the bare rock gravel place area take on increase tendency. In 1967, in 1986 and 2000 farmland crops actual total evapotranspiration quantity was 11.13×10~8m~3, 13.16×10~8m~3 and 14.91×10~8m~3, respectively. Along with the recent years climate continuous getting warm and farmland area gradually increase, the total evapotranspiration quantity of farmland also assumes the increase tendency.(2) The evapotranspiration quantity of Heihe River middle reaches main current area four stations assumes the reduced tendency, in which Zhangye and Minle change scope is not big, Gaotai and Linze assume the tendency which reduces obviously. It presents as a whole increasing tendency from the upstream to the downstream, from the mountainous area to the plain in space. The annual evapotranspiration quantity of Heihe River middle reaches main current area four stations assumes as a whole reduces the tendency in the time distribution. The summer evapotranspiration quantity is bigger than other seasons far. The monthly mean crops actual evapotranspiration quantity maximum value appears in the summer (in June or in July), the minimum value appears in the winter (in December or in January).The terrain, the climate and the vegetation or the land use situation are the primary factor which affects evapotranspiration quantity space variability. Through analyzed Heihe River middle reaches main current area topographical conditions and nearby 6 meteorological stations’ latitude and elevation indicated to the crops actual evapotranspiration quantity influence that, In January, October, November and December crops actual evapotranspiration quantity displays certain negative correlation relations with the latitude, and displays certain positive correlation relations with the elevation. In the recent 40a, The Heihe River middle reaches plain regional climate transforms to the warm wet climate, the precipitation increases, the air humidity increases, the wind speed reduces are the important reason that this area crops actual evapotranspiration quantity assumes reduced tendency. In addition, this area vigorously governed wilderness in recent years, returned land for fanning to forestry or grassland, also had certain influence to this area evapotranspiration quantity.(3) This article uses the surface, the analysis and the spatial interpolation function method of geographic information system software ARCVIEW3.2 to establish the spatial distributional model of reference crop evapotranspiration quantity in the basin. There are very big different among the results which is producted by regression method, the Spline interpolation and IDW. Because the scope of research area is much bigger, the scale of the model is also bigger, as well as meteorological stations are few, so the Spline and IDW aren’t fit this river basin. The result which is gotten by regression method are best.更多还原