体育非语言行为研究

【作者】 孔靖；

【导师】 解毅飞；

【作者基本信息】 曲阜师范大学 ， 体育人文社会学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 现代体育运动实践，展现了宽阔洪大、多彩多姿的时空场所，为体育非语言行为的产生和建立提供了肥沃的土壤和基础，使开发研究和利用体育非语言行为成为可能；同时体育运动实践的诸多非语言行为，也在强烈呼唤体育非语言行为的理论解答。体育教师如何借助于手势、眼神、面部表情、身体接触、人际距离等非语言行为的情绪感染力、吸引力、鼓动性和影响力来调控和发展良好的师生关系；教练员如何通过观察队员非语言行为的变化控制运动量，而队员如何根据教练员非语言行为的变化理解训练意图；赛场上同队队员之间如何用非语言行为进行默契的战术信息沟通；临场裁判员如何用恰当的非语言行为控制比赛；如何挖掘与整理大众体育健身非语言行为，怎样利用非语言行为为大众体育健身服务等等。凡此种种问题，乃处在封闭、狭隘或局部的经验认识当中，有的还停留在零碎、分散和表面上的认识，未能得到系统的认识和解决，因此，运用现代科学的整体观、系统观去认识考察体育非语言行为的诸因素、功能、特征、分类、以及与相关学科的关系，势在必行。构建体育非语言行为学理论是体育运动实践发展的迫切需要，这对人们科学地认识和研究非语言行为在体育运动实践中的作用，具有重要的现实意义和理论意义。目前，从研究成果的数量和质量来看，学校体育非语言行为的研究要比竞技体育非语言行为的研究相对较多，较好。但大众体育中的非语言行为研究还是一片空白，而对学校体育、竞技体育、大众体育非语言行为进行全面、整体、系统分析与比较的研究还未见诸于报端，更未引起人们足够的重视。为此，本文在借鉴前人研究成果的基础上，以体育非语言行为为研究对象，通过文献资料法、历史分析法、比较研究法、归纳演绎法等研究方法，初步得出以下研究结论：(1)人类交流和传播所使用的符号系统包括语言符号系统和非语言符号系统，非语言符号系统是体育传播的主系统。狭义的体育非语言行为是指在体育运动中，能传递信息的人类身体或肢体动作。广义上的体育非语言行为还包括环境与色彩、时空与距离、音响与标志符号等。体育非语言行为的合理运用，可以有效促进运动技能的掌握，保持体育运动中信息传递的畅通和发展良好的人际关系。(2)语言学、符号学、人类学、文化学、传播学、生理学、心理学、美学等学科理论为体育非语言行为研究奠定了雄厚的理论基础。(3)体育非语言行为划分为三大类：一是学校体育非语言行为(特点：调控课堂气氛，传递信息直观形象，替代和强化语言符号。功能：建立完整的技术动作表象的功能，情感表露和对动作或行为进行调整的功能，师生互动的操纵功能。)；二竞技体育非语言行为(特点：通义性，协同性，即时性，可控性。作用：补充作用，替代作用，重复作用，否定作用，调节作用，欺骗作用，干扰作用。)；三是大众体育非语言行为(特点：内隐性，累积性，恒常性，愉悦性。功能：协调人际关系，增进人的感情交流，促进人的社会化，缓解压力，积极生活态度。)。(4)体育非语言行为可细分为四个类别。其一是动作类，它又分为象征性动作、解释性动作、表露性动作、调节性动作、触摸性动作和侵犯性动作，而每类动作在体育运动中各自发挥着不同的功能和作用；其二是时空类，它又分为时间符号和空间符号，时空符号的合理运用可以有效的完成战术配合，而空间符号的不同运用可以调整体育运动中的人际距离和心理距离；其三是标志类，它又分为象征性标志和实物性标志。其四是音响类，包括类语言和音乐，二者的合理运用可以改善体育运动中的人际关系和提高练习的兴奋性。(5)体育非语言行为的艺术化运用是体育教师、教练员、裁判员非语言行为修养的重要标志。体育教师的教学艺术包括得体的服装、眼神与微笑、空间位置的调整、提高示范艺术和创造良好的体育心理气氛等；教练员的竞赛指导艺术即教练员要克服临场的不良表现，影响现场比赛的观众和队员，提高现场的号召力。裁判员的比赛控制艺术就是用跑动方式、空间距离、身体姿势、表情变化、身体接触来来控制、督促、驾驭比赛。(6)体育非语言行为学科构建从体育非语言行为学的学科依据、学科性质、研究对象与方法、研究原则等方面做出了初步构想。更多还原

【Abstract】 The practice of modern athletic sports shows broad and colorful space-time place, which provides solid foundation for the occurrence and establishment of non-verbal behavior and makes it possible to exploit and utilize the non-verbal behavior; meanwhile, non-verbal behavior in various forms in athletic sports needs to be resolved theoretically. There exist many problems: how would the gym teacher use non-verbal behavior, such as gestures, expressions in his eyes, facial expressions, body contact and human relations, as emotional infection, attraction, encouragement and influence to regulate and develop excellent teacher-student relationship; how would the coach control the amount of exercise according to the change of the athletes’ non-verbal behavior, and the athletes would understand the training intention in terms of the coach’s non-verbal behavior; how would the coach employ the tacit non-verbal behavior to communicate with athletes or how would it be used to communicate among athletes during the match; how would the judge in the match use proper non-verbal behavior to control the competition; how would the non-verbal behavior of sports for common people be developed and organized, and how to use it to serve common people etc. And the study of these problems is limited, narrow and partial, even it is fragmentary, separate and superficial, so these problems are not perceived systematically and resolved. Consequently, it is inevitable to thoroughly and scientifically investigate the causes, the functions, the characteristics and the categories of non-verbal behavior as well as its relations with relevant subjects. And it is urgent to establish the theory of non-verbal behavior, which is meaningful practically and theoretically for the study of the functions of non-verbal behavior in sports.At present, the study of non-verbal behavior in physical education in schools is a lot more and better than that of it in athletic competition. But the study of non-verbal behavior in sports for common people is blank, besides, the complete, integrated and systematic analysis and comparison among these three categories are not concluded in the form of articles and are not paid adequate attention. So, in this thesis, the author consults many references and studies non-verbal behavior by referring to all the relevant documents, making comparison and contrast and using deductive method, the author gets the following conclusions on the base of already existed achievements.1. The symbol system people use to communicate includes verbal system and non-verbal system. Non-verbal system is the main system for sports communication. The non-verbal behavior of narrow sense refers to the gestures transmitting information. While the non-verbal behavior of broad sense also includes environments, colors, time and space, sound and signal etc. The proper use of non-verbal behavior could effectively help with the grasp of athletic skills, could make the information in sports transmit smoothly and could develop good human relationships.2. Such subjects as linguistics, semiology, anthropology, culture, promulgation, physiology, psychology, aesthetics etc. make the solid foundation for the study of non-verbal behavior.3. Non-verbal behavior in sports falls into three categories: first, non-verbal behavior in physical education in schools (characteristics: regulating class atmosphere, transmitting information visually, substituting and strengthening language signals, functions: establishing complete movement, expressing emotions and regulating movements and behavior, manipulating interactions between teachers and students); second, non-verbal behavior in athletic competition (characteristics: fixed meanings, coordination, promptness, manageability, functions: supplementation, substitution, emphasis, negation, repetition, regulation, cheating and intervention); third, non-verbal behavior in sports for common people (characteristics: concealment, accumulation, constancy, pleasure, functions: coordinating relationships, improving communication, propelling people’s socialization, relieving pressure and activating life attitude). 4. Non-verbal behavior in sports could be divided into four parts. First, behavioral movement. It also could be subdivided into symbolized movement, explaining movement, expressing movement, regulating movement, touching movement and violating movement. And every division would function differently in sports. Second, time-space movement. It still could be subdivided into time signals and space signals. And the appropriate use of time-space signals could effectively fulfill the tactics, while the different use of space signals could shorten the distance between people practically and psychologically. Third, symbols. It could be subdivided into symbolic symbols and material symbols. The symbolized symbols refer to badges, banners, mascots, cups, medals, sports brands and sculptures etc.; while the material symbols refer to sports costumes, sports courts, machinery, installments and sports buildings etc. Fourth, acoustics. It includes language and music, and the appropriate use of them could improve the relationships in sports and hasten the excitement in exercise.5. The art of employing the non-verbal behavior is a very important symbol of sports teachers, coaches and judges. The teaching art of a sports teacher includes decent suits, expression, smile, regulation of space position, improving demonstrating art and creating excellent psychological atmosphere in sports etc. The instructing art of a coach refers to conquering the bad performances in the competition, influencing the spectators and athletes in the match, enhancing his appeal in the court. The art of controlling competition of a judge refers to manage, supervise and dominate the game by way of running, space, gestures and poses, the change of expression, body contact.6. The establishment of the subject on non-verbal behavior makes the primary assumption from the aspects of subject basis, quality, studying objects and methods, studying principles etc.更多还原