【作者】 李胜；

【导师】 丁士华；

【作者基本信息】 西华大学 ， 材料学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 超级电容器是一种性能介于电池和传统电容器之间的新型高功率储能器件，与电池相比，超级离子电容器具有更大的功率密度值；与传统静电电容器相比，具有更高的能量密度；同时具有瞬间释放特大电流特性，充放电效率高、循环寿命长等优点。因此，超级离子电容器在电动车辆、高功率武器、工业设备的闪光及点火，电子设备中作备用电源等方面都有不可替代的作用。超级电容器包括双电层电容器(EDLC)和法拉第赝电容器，法拉第赝电容器的质量电容密度比双电层电容高10-100倍。赝电容有其独特的反应机理。超级电容器的研究主要集中在高性能电极材料和电解质的制备上。本文选定氢氧化镍、氧化镍作为电极材料，系统地研究了超级电容器的电极材料制备工艺、电容特性和电容形成机理。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)对电极材料进行了表征，结合恒流充放电测试对电极材料的电容特性进行了考察。用溶胶凝胶法制备氢氧化镍，研究发现在制备过程中影响氢氧化镍质量的工艺条件有反应温度、反应物加入方式及加入速度、反应物浓度、反应体系pH值、pH值调节方式、分散剂比率、反应时间、陈化时间、胶体分离、干燥温度等因素。将溶胶凝胶法制备氢氧化镍再通过真空热处理制备了氧化镍超大容量赝电容电极材料，260℃、0.5Pa、保温时间1h时形成的比电容达481.15F／g。研究发现热处理气氛、真空热处理温度、真空热处理保温时间、真空度等因素对氧化镍的比电容性能有很大的影响。研究表明对氧化镍进行锂掺杂有利于其比电容的提高。更多还原

【Abstract】 Supercapacitors is a new type of electrochemical energy storage devices which performance between the typical rechargeable batteries and the typical dielectric capacitors. It has the advantages of both of them. The typical rechargeable batteries can provide high energy densities, but the low power densities and short cycling life. The typical dielectric capacitors can provide high power densities and have very long cycle life, but the low energy densities. Supercapacitors can meet both the power and the energy requirements of systems such as acceleration power for electric vehicles, burst power for the generation of electronic devices and so on, and have drawn more and more attention in recent years. Supercapacitors include Electric Double Layer Capacitors （EDLC） and Faraday Pseudo-Capacitors. Faraday Pseudo-Capacitors’ mass-capacitance density is more 10-100 times than EDLC’s. Faraday Pseudo-Capacitors has particular reaction mechanism. Studies on supercapacitors are mainly focus on the preparation of high performance electrode materials and electrolytes. With nickel hydroxide and nickel oxide as electrode materials for supercapacitors, this dissertation has investigated the electrode materials preparation, capacitive property and mechanism of capacitance. The electrode materials have been characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD） and scattering electronic microscopy （SEM）. The capacitive characteristics of the electrode have been investigated by galvanostatic charge/discharge testing.Ni（OH）₂ prepared by Sol-Gel method was studied, a lot of factors influencing electric performance of Ni（OH）₂ was found, such as reaction temperature, reactant enter mode and velocity, density of reactant, pH of reaction system, mode of adjust pH, ratio of dispersant, reaction time, aging time, colloid separation, dryness temperature etc.. After heated at vacuum oven, the Ni（OH）₂ turned into NiO which was used to prepare Supercapacitors electrode. Under the condition of 260 ℃, 0.5Pa and 1h vacuum heat preservation, the capacitance of NiO-electrode reach 481.15F/g. Many factors can influence the special capacitance of NiO, such as atmosphere of heat treatment, temperature of vacuum heat treatment, time of vacuum heat preservation, degree of vacuum etc..By the method of vacuum heat treatment, NiO has excellent performance of specific capacitance.Li adulteration can enhance specific capacitance of Nio.更多还原