【作者】 周玉松；

【导师】 任福民；

【作者基本信息】 北京交通大学 ， 环境工程， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 以柴油机作为主要动力的内燃机车是铁路运输的主要牵引动力，内燃机车在世界客运和货运中占有重要的地位。由于内燃机车柴油机具有较大的机组功率(1000～4000kW)，并且排气流量达到2～8kg／s，再加上它是在4.5m的高度上排放出来的，所以在排气流的逸散区内可以形成极高的局部范围的大气污染。尤其是在大型机务段和调车场、运行在城市区间的内燃机车组，这种污染可以直接影响城市的环境，对人类的健康产生不利的影响。研究机车柴油机的废气排放物(有害气体和有害颗粒)对空气质量的影响与控制犹显得迫切和需要。控制废气排放是当前柴油机研究中的重要课题。影响柴油机排放的因素很多，分为发动机结构、工作条件和燃料诸方面。发动机结构和工作条件对排放的影响与燃料的影响相比，前两者处于主导地位，但是燃料的影响不容低估，80年代初以来，大量研究证明燃料性质和成份对柴油机排放也产生直接影响，目前，我国燃油的品质普遍较差，使用我国现有的燃油，增加排放达标的难度。这样一个结论已促使了发达国家对燃料成份实施立法。随着现代柴油机工业的迅猛发展，柴油机排放标准将日趋严格，为了达到未来严格的排放要求，改善燃料品质具有重要意义。本论文研究燃料性质和成份对柴油机排放的影响，提出了降低柴油机排放的一系列燃料技术与措施。准确地确定机车的排放因子，分析改善和控制燃料品质对排放的影响。使用测试技术及化学反应动力学原理，深入研究污染物生成机理。开展对常规燃料的改质处理及加入添加剂方面研究。结合发动机的各种排放控制技术研究燃料的组分和性质对发动机排放特性的影响，研究在燃料中加入各种添加剂时对发动机排放特性的影响，探索改进燃料的组分和性质的新方法。本论文的研究结论：用化学反应动力学原理揭示NO_x与碳烟的生成，深入研究污染物生成机理，建立芳烃含量与碳烟排放的关系式，提出降低内燃机车排放的一系列燃料技术与措施。更多还原

【Abstract】 The diesel engine is more economical and its hot efficiency is the tallest in various motive machines, therefore, it is extensively used as a main motive for road and railway transportation of world. But because of the high power( 1000～4000 kW) and the large amount of the exhaust (2～8 kg/s) at a height of about 4.5m, it can cause serious air pollution in local area. Diesel engine emissions are highly complex mixtures. They consist of a wide range of organic and inorganic compounds which can influence the environment of the city and the healthy of the mankind directly. Thus the studies of the influence and control of the emissions of diesel engine are with great importance.To reduce the emissions of diesel engines is now one of the key topics in current researches. Among the various factors that influence the diesel engine exhausts-machine structure, working condition and fuel properties, the former two factors are in predominance position. But since the beginning of 80’s, intense researches have been conducted recently to examine the role of fuel properties and composition on exhaust emissions and a great deal of researches revealed that fuel properties and composition can also influence the diesel engine directly. Such conclusion has already caught great attentions. In order to meet the more and more restricted regulations, it is necessary to improve fuel quality.This paper studied the effects of fuel properties and composition on diesel engine performances and emissions. Better experimental techniques and chemical reaction dynamics principles are used to get a good understanding of the mechanism of the processes to form the emissions. The factors of the diesel engine that influence the emissions, the modification of the fuel qualities as well as the application of various additives are also described in this paper. Based on the analyses above, this paper puts forward an overall and systematic approach in engine emission reduction method.The purpose of this study is to: go deep into the formation mechanism of the emissions; establish the relationships between aromatic hydrocarbon content in fuel and soot formation and between chemical reaction dynamics principle and NO_X formation; finally presents a series of fuel techniques in engine emission reduction method.更多还原