【作者】 马安娜；

【导师】 洪剑明；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 植物学， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 水资源短缺和水污染直接影响到工业生产和人民生活，甚至威胁到人体健康。传统的生化二级处理厂因投资和运行费用昂贵，难以在中小城市和经济不发达地区推广。人工湿地是一种污水生物处理技术，具有低投入、低能耗、低成本和能脱氮除磷的优点，在欧美等国得到广泛的应用。其中，湿地植物在这个过程中扮演了重要的角色。湿地植物通过吸收、利用和吸附污染物，传输氧气，影响微生物和酶的分布，积累有机物等途径而起作用，从而降低污水中的氮、磷以及重金属等物质的含量，达到污水净化的目的。本文在对现有人工湿地系统进行理论分析和实际调查的基础上，自行模拟设计了人工湿地小试系统。主要针对系统的植物筛选、净化效果及影响因素等方面进行了研究和探讨，目的在于使这一项技术得到进一步完善，在北京得到更好的应用。具体内容包括：（1）选择北京市天然湿地常见的8种植物，分别为芦苇、香蒲、水葱、菖蒲、茭白、黄花鸢尾、泽泻、慈姑。对它们的生长状况以及在不同的进水浓度、停留时间、水力负荷下的净化效果进行了研究。结果表明，芦苇、香蒲、慈姑、泽泻效果较好。（2）阐述了垂直流人工湿地小试系统的设计方法及植物配置，并对其净化效果进行了初步的测试，结果表明垂直流人工湿地能较好地改善水质。由于不同植物的生理特性不同，其作用大小也不同，组合作用效果也存在差异。为了筛选出最佳湿地植物及其组合，论文选取人工湿地常见的5种植物，研究了不同植物组合的净化效果。结果显示，芦苇和美人蕉组合对总氮的去除率在停留1天和3天时均达到90％以上，而水葱—菖蒲组合变幅较大，从停留1天的51.90％增加到停留3天的90.90％；植物对TP的去除率除了芦苇组合偏低以外，其它植物差别不明显；芦苇—美人蕉组合和香蒲—菖蒲组合对COD去除较好；菖蒲组合对NH₄⁺-N去除效果最好。（3）选择了四种浮水植物，研究了它们净化不同浓度污水的特性，同时对不同的停留时间、pH、温度三个影响因素进行了研究。以槐叶萍为研究对象，对这些因素进行了正交实验分析，探讨了它们对污水中总氮、总磷、有机物去除的影响，目的在于找出这些因素对浮水植物净化污水作用的影响大小以及主次关系。综合分析结果表明，三个因素影响大小分别为：停留时间＞温度＞pH。最适组合为停留时间36h，pH7.5，温度20℃。以期为人工湿地植物的筛选及组合搭配提供依据。更多还原

【Abstract】 The shortage and pollution of water resources have been directly affecting industrial production, human lives, and even human health. It is difficult to popularize traditional manufacturing disposal in small cities and underdeveloped areas because of its high cost. Constructed wetland is the biological technology of wastewater treatment with low cost and less energy consumption for nitrogen and phosphorus removal, so it has been applied widely in European countries. Wetland plants play an important role in constructed wetland. By assimilating, utilizing and adsorbing pollutants, transmitting oxygen, influencing the distribution of microorganisms and enzymes, accumulating organic substances, wetland plants remove nitrogen, phosphorus and heavy metals in wastewater and so on, which achieve the goal of purification of wastewater.By theoretical analysis and practical investigation, constructed wetland system in a small scale was established. This paper mainly studied plant selection, purification results and influence factors in the wetland system, in order to strengthen and popularize the technology in Beijing. Details were:（1） According to the species of plants in natural wetlands in Beijing, this paper selected eight plants, such as Phragmites communis、 Typha orientalis、 Scripus Validus、 Acorus calamus、 Zizania、 Iris pseudacorus、 Alisma orientate、 Sagittaria sagittifolia, and researched on their growing status and their abilities of purifying wastewater in different water quality of influent, HRT, hydraulic loading. The results showed that Phragmites communis、Typha orientalis、 Sagittaria sagittifolia、 Alisma orientali had better effect.（2） The technical design of small-scale plots of constructed wetland and plants were described along with details of some associated wastewater purification effects, the results showed that the vertical constructed wetland performed better in removing contaminants and microorganisms from domestic sewage. For plants were different in physiology, they had different functions and assembled effects. In order to select the optimal plants and the optimum combinations, five plants were studied on purification efficiency in this paper. The main resultsshowed that the average removal efficiency on Total Nitrogen with planted Phragmites communis and Canna indica were higher than 90% for 1 day and 3 days, but the removal efficiency with planted Scirpus validus and Acorus calamus changed from 51.90% for 1 day to 90.90% for 3 days; The removal efficiency was not significantly different from each other on Total Phosphorus except for Phragmites communis; The combination of Phragmites communis and Canna indica, Typha orientalis and Acorus calamus were good at removing COD; the removal efficiency on NH₄⁺-N was the highest with planted Acorus calamus.（3） This paper studied the ability of four floating plants in purifying different sewage, and the factors which influenced that process, such as HRT、PH、temperature. In order to find which factor was principal and which was subordinate, this paper selected Salvinia natans （L.） All and studied their influences on Total nitrogen、Total phosphorus、 organic matter by the arrangement of the orthogonal. The results indicated that the power of those factors was HRT、temperature >pH. The best condition was HRT 36h、 pH 7.5、temperature 20℃; The results were looked forward to offering foundation for plants’ filtration and combination.更多还原