论唐代的县丞

【作者】 王妍妍；

【导师】 孙文泱；

【作者基本信息】 首都师范大学 ， 中国古代史， 2007， 硕士

【摘要】 县级单位的研究是一向政治制度史和政治史的薄弱之处。本文即以唐代县丞为研究对象，全面搜集相关的史料，利用数据统计、归纳、分类、比较的方法系统地研究他们的设置、入仕途径、迁转途径、职掌、仕途前景等各方面问题，进而探讨他们在唐代县政中的地位，从而展示这一群体在唐代的社会地位和生存状态。力争为全面系统地展示唐代县级行政制度积累些材料，做些准备。全文共分五章：第一章“唐代县丞的设置”，指出县丞的设置在唐前期比较稳定，后期由于众多原因，表现出官职设置不稳定的特点，经常被裁撤，导致县丞在县中的地位下降。第二章“唐代县丞的入仕途径”，以往没有学者研究过。笔者指出县丞作为唐代的中层官员，也可作为士人的释褐官。只不过这种情况不太普遍。除赤县丞外，其他各等级的县丞均可作为士人的初任官。士人可以通过门荫、科举、军功、奏授或表授等方式担任县丞。第三章“唐代县丞的迁转”，主要利用数据统计的方法全面分析县丞的迁转途径。笔者指出县丞主要是与地方各类官员互相迁转。县级政权的县尉、县主簿和州府中的参军和判司是县丞迁入官的主要来源。县级政权的县令、县丞和州府中的判司和录事参军是县丞迁出官的主要去向。除非是政绩显赫或是条件十分优秀的赤县丞。否则很难由县丞直接进入中央担任仕途前景很好的官职。一般都需要再次迁转甚至多次迁转。依据此两点笔者指出县丞作为士人的迁转官，在整个职官体系中地位不高。第四章“唐代县丞的职掌”，有关县丞的职掌各史书均语焉不详。本章旨在指出县丞的具体职掌和生存状态。主要采用比较的方法考察县令与县丞的职掌。经过对比发现几乎县令所承担的各项职责县丞同样具有，因此笔者提出，各史书上记载县丞“通判县事”所言不虚。这样一来县丞主要负责带有监督性质的工作，独立负责的工作并不明显。他的地位低于县令，却要起到制约县令的作用，而制度保障却不配套，这使得县丞十分尴尬，不仅得不到县令的信任，也得不到其他佐官的支持和尊重。两面夹击之下，如何开展工作因人而异。依据搜集的史料，笔者将唐代县丞划分为两类：忠于职守型、随波逐流型。两种类型基本反映了唐代县丞的生存状态。第五章“唐代县丞的仕途前景”，分三个方面论述：首先利用统计的方法说明能够官至五品以上的县丞人数很少，大部分县丞只能在州县之中劳碌一生。其次分析赤畿县丞的仕途前景，指出相较于其他等级的县丞，赤畿县丞的升迁机会更大，但相比赤畿县尉的优越地位，赤畿县丞还是稍逊色些。最后考察以县丞起家的官员的仕途前景：他们的仕途前景不是很好，即使能够做到中央六品的清官，最终也很难当上三品以上的清望官。因此总体来说，笔者认为唐代县丞的仕途前景不算光明。文章最后指出县丞是一个十分特殊的职位。唐代统治者规定县丞“通判县事”在制度上的意义要远大于其本身作为官员应当承担职责的意义。县丞的设置应该是一种加强上级对县级权力控制的尝试，它体现的主要是一种制约地方官权力的制度保障。但是，由于县丞地位低于县令，没有相应的保障，县丞制约县令的作用难以实现。另一方面，随着官僚机构的逐渐膨胀，县丞也逐渐成为政府安排闲散官员或被贬谪的官员的职位。唐代统治者对待县丞职位的态度也影响了后代各朝对县丞的设置。可以说唐代县丞的设置，开启了封建社会后期县丞的设置模式，形成了新的县级行政模式和官制特点。更多还原

【Abstract】 The county unit study is comparatively weak in the study of political system history and political history. This thesis regards the Deputy Governor as the research object and studies their establishment, duty, way of promotion systematically and official career prospect. Then we discuss their social positions and survival conditions in Tang Dynasty. At the same time I hope my thesis can make some preparatory work for systematically showing the county administration system of Tang Dynasty . The thesis is divided into five chapters:Chapter I : This part introduce The Deputy Governor’s establishment and appointment. Its establishment is more stable in earlier period than in later period, which causes the descend of its social position in county.Chapter II: This part introduce The entrance way of The Deputy Governor . Although The Deputy Governor is a middle-level official in Tang Dynasty, it still acts as the first government position. People can obtain The Deputy Governor by many ways such as taking part in civil examinations and obtaining military exploit.Chapter III: This part analyze The Deputy Governor’s appointment and promotion. They mainly originate from the Wei and the ZhuBu in county. Then the second candidates of assistants include the CanJun and the PanSi of Zhou. Most of The Deputy Governors can be appointed to the head of County and other county assists. They can also be appointed to the PanSi and the LuShiCanJun of Zhou. Only they are outstanding enough, otherwise it’s very difficult for them to enter central government and get a hoping position. All need to move many times, which shows that the county assist’s status is not high in entire official system.Chapter IV: This part study The Deputy Governor’s duty. By comparing we find that their duty is same as the head of county. This situation is easy to lead to a result that The Deputy Governors haven’t power. On the other hand, if The Deputy Governors haven’t real power, other county assistants will not pay attention to them. Striking from both sides, how to carry out work varies from person to person.Chapter V: This part is divided into three levels to study The Deputy Governor’s career prospects. Methods of statistical and the case studies of the combination are used . Overall, I think the career prospects of The Deputy Governor is not bright .Finally this thesis points out The Deputy Governor is a very special position. The multitudinous reasons cause The Deputy Governor of Tang Dynasty presenting the bright time characteristic. Tang rule’s treatment manner to The Deputy Governor also has important effect on the later dynasties of China.更多还原