论贪污罪主体

【作者】 张勇；

【导师】 陈结淼；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 法律， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 贪污罪是一种职务犯罪，主体具有特殊性。因此，对贪污罪的立法完善集中体现在如何准确理解和界定其主体上。我国对贪污罪主体一系列的立法演变不仅反映理论上的认识矛盾，也给司法实践带来许多混乱。目前，理论界关于贪污罪本质认识为从事公务。从事公务特征具有职能性和管理性，内容包括对国家事务、社会公共事务的领导、组织、管理、监督等活动，形式上表现纯粹的国家事务、国家参与管理社会事务和国有公司、单位对国有资产的管理经营事务。从准确把握贪污罪主体本质特征角度出发，分析构成贪污罪主体的三种情况：关于国家机关工作人员。国家机关工作人员要求具有国家工作人员的法定身份，且必须依法从事公务。国家机关包括国家权力机关、党政机关、检察机关、审判机关、军队机关以及中国政协的各级机关、民主党派的省级机关、中央机关。国家机关是组成国家机构的子部分；国家机关工作人员的认定应是从事国家机关的公务，国家工作人员包容了国家机关工作人员。关于准国家工作人员。一是国有公司、企业、事业单位、人民团体中从事公务的人员。国有公司、企业是国有独资企业，即资产完全由国家投入，产权完全为国家所有，由国家委派代理人管理，经济目标受国家控制或影响的企业。国有事业单位是指由国家兴办，经费由国库支出，从事科教文卫等公益活动的非经营性组织。人民团体具有国有的性质，享受国家财政拨款的团体。二是国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位委派到非国有公司、企业、事业单位、社会团体中从事公务的人员。被委派的人员不一定必须是国家工作人员。三是其他依照法律从事公务的人员。包括人大代表、人民陪审员、人民检察员、村委会与居委会成员和协助政府从事有关管理工作的城镇基层组织人员。关于特殊贪污罪主体。一是受国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位和人民团体委托管理、经营国有财产的人员。此种委托民事法律关系不仅具有民事法律特征，而且还要求有权委托的主体是国家机关、国有公司、企业、事业单位和人民团体，且必须从事公务。笔者参照2002年12月28日全国人大常委会关于《中华人民共和国刑法》第九章渎职界主体适用问题的司法解释精神，将其视为“其他依照法律从事公务的人员”。二是国有保险公司的工作人员。将其作为贪污罪主体具有合理性。通过对贪污罪主体本质特征的论述和各类主体的分析，借鉴《联合国反腐败公约》等国际反腐败条约中将贪污罪主体界定为“公职人员”规定，提出对贪污罪主体进行修改的两种构想。第一种思路是把贪污罪主体改为公职人员；第二种思路是纯化贪污罪主体，只能由国家公职人员构成。相比较这两种思路的立法成本和立法技术的繁简程度，目前倾向第一种思路，将刑法第93条、第382条中“国家工作人员”改为“公职人员”，将刑法第271条第2款中的“从事公务人员”改为“公职人员”；从长远角度，不仅要纯化贪污罪主体，而且要扩大职务侵占罪的主体，加重职务侵占罪的法定刑。更多还原

【Abstract】 Corruption crime is a kind of duty crime with the particularity for its subject. Thus, the legislation perfection on corruption crime focuses on how to correctly understand and define its subjects. The serial legislation evolution on subjects of corruption crimes in China not only shows the contradictions on cognition in theory, but also brings much confusion to judicial practice. At present, in the theory circle, the essential cognition on corruption crime is fixed as "being engaged in official affairs". Being both functional and administrative, the contents of "being engaged in official affairs" include the activities of leading, organizing, administrating and supervising etc on state official affairs or social public affairs with specific forms including pure state affairs, social public affairs involving state administration as well as operation and administration affairs of state-owned assets by state-owned firms and enterprise units.Viewing from correctly grasping essential features of subjects of corruption crimes, it analyzes the three situations of forming subjects of corruption crimes: On State Organs Personnel. The state organs personnel should have the legal identities as state personnel and be engaged in official affairs according to the law. The state organs include state authority, party and government organs, procuratorial organs, judicial organs, military organs as well as all-level organs of CPPCC, provincial and central organs of democratic parties. The state organs are sub-components of national organizations; the state organs personnel is recognized to be engaged in official affairs of state organs, and state personnel include those ones in state organs.On Quasi-State Organs Personnel. Firstly, it includes those personnel who are engaged in official affairs in state-owned firms, enterprises, public institutions and mass organizations. The state-owned corporations and enterprises are invested solely by the state with the property owned by the state completely and managed by the deputy who is designated by the state. Moreover, the economic aims are controlled or influenced by the state. The state public institutions are non-business organizations which are established by the state, financed by the national treasury and engaged in public benefit activities such as science, education, art and healthetc. the mass organizations are of state and enjoy the financial funds from the state. Secondly, it includes the personnel who are sent to the non-state-owned firms, enterprises, public institutions and social organizations by state organs, state-owned firms, enterprises, public institutions and engaged in official affairs. The dispatched personnel do not have to be state personnel. Thirdly, it includes other personnel who are engaged in official affairs according to the law such as deputies to NPC, people’s assessors, people’s procurator, members of village committee and neighborhood committee as well as those personnel in town grass roots who assists in the government and engaged in administrative tasks.On Special Subjects of Corruption Crimes. Firstly, it includes those personnel who are entrusted by state organs, state-owned firms, enterprises, public institutions and mass organizations to administrate and operate state-owned property. This kind of entrusting civil legal relationship requires that not only it should have the features of civil law but also the subjects which have the right of entrusting should be state organs, state-owned firms, enterprises, public institutions and mass organizations. Furthermore, the subjects have to be engaged in official affairs. Referring to the Judicial Interpretation by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress Regarding the Application of the Subject of the Crime of Dereliction of Duty in Chapter IX of the Criminal Law of the People’s Republic of China, the writer classify it as "other personnel engaged in official affairs according to the law". Secondly, it includes the personnel working in state-owned insurance companies. There is certain rationality to take them as subjects of corruption crimes.Through the discussion on essential features of the subjects of corruption crimes and the analysis on various subjects and by referring to provisions to define subjects of corruption crime as "public servants" in international conventions against corruption like the United Nations Convention against Corruption, the writer hereby proposes two approaches to modify the definition of subjects of corruption crimes. The first approach is to change to fixing public servants as subjects of corruption crimes; and the second approach is to purify subjects of corruption crimes, leaving only state public servants. Through comparison of legislation cost and techniques of above two approaches, the first one is favored, thus the term "state personnel" in Article 93 and Article 382 of the Criminal Lawshould be changed into "public servants, and the term "those engaged in official affairs" in Section 2 of Article 271 of the Criminal Law should be changed into "public servants". From long term point of view, the subject of duty aggressiveness crimes should be expanded besides the purification of subjects of corruption crimes, and the legal sentence for duty aggressiveness crimes should also be strengthened.更多还原