【作者】 李锋；

【导师】 仵均祥；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 植物保护， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 枸杞红瘿蚊俗称“枸杞癌症”,是宁夏枸杞生产中的常发灾害性害虫。地面覆膜防治技术是近年来日益受到广泛关注的无公害植保技术之一。其防治枸杞红瘿蚊的机理是以枸杞红瘿蚊地下虫态为防治对象,通过地面覆膜,将羽化出土的枸杞红瘿蚊成虫封杀于膜下,在上树危害之前,切断其生活循环,达到防治目的,避免了传统的以树冠上花蕾中虫态为防治对象,采用有机磷农药防治的众多弊端,具有广阔的推广应用前景。本文在系统调查宁夏地区枸杞红瘿蚊发生规律的基础上,对地面覆膜的防治效果进行了试验观察,取得的主要结果如下:1.枸杞红瘿蚊在宁夏1年发生6代。4月中旬越冬代成虫羽化并产卵于幼蕾内,幼虫孵化后蛀食子房,使花蕾肿胀为畸形并形成虫瘿。6月上旬至下旬形成第1次危害高峰。7月上中旬高温期危害程度下降,7月下旬至8月中旬,危害秋季花蕾,形成第2次危害高峰。至9月末代幼虫老熟,入土做茧越冬。2.试验观察表明,枸杞红瘿蚊幼虫入土高峰在9:00前,占入土总数77%,9:00至20:00时幼虫入土数量占总数的23%。在土中集中分布在3cm土层,9cm土层很少。化蛹羽化前9cm土层中幼虫数量减少,而3cm土层中幼虫数量增加。3.采用地膜覆盖防治技术,对枸杞红瘿蚊防效在98%以上;避免了包括地面有机磷农药封闭在内的农药防治,使枸杞生长期农药使用次数减少5次左右,降为大约6次/年。地膜覆盖防治试验地瓢虫天敌种群数量明显增加,比常规防治田多1倍以上。4.采用地膜覆盖防治技术,通过覆膜地增温作用,促进了枸杞主要结果枝——春七寸枝的早发、多发,亩增产可达18.9%以上;测算结果表明,与传统化学农药防治相比,综合成本投入明显降低,在不同情况下,其投入产出比达1:7.1～29.7,经济效益显著。5.试验表明,覆膜材料宽度因栽植方式不同而异。以枸杞树冠冠幅在地面上垂直投影宽度加15cm,厚度在0.008-0.016mm为宜;微膜、农膜、除草膜和地膜均可使用。6.枸杞红瘿蚊幼虫入土前的土壤灌水,可使枸杞红瘿蚊的羽化率明显降低。幼虫入土后灌水时期差异是造成入土幼虫化蛹、羽化出土率差异的主要因素,土壤灌溉水量大小对幼虫无明显的致死作用,对成虫羽化率影响不大。7.地膜覆盖防治技术规程以4月上中旬越冬红瘿蚊开始羽化时覆膜,5月上旬羽化结束时撤膜为宜,田间施肥、灌水及覆膜的时间顺序是先施肥,后覆膜,再灌水。更多还原

【Abstract】 Mechanism controlling to Jaapielly sp. with the mulch film is that the individuals of Jaapielly sp. are killed when larvae begin to active after over-wintering or adult come out from the soil after emerging. The life cycle of Jaapielly sp. is cut off before larvar damage the trees. Many disadvantages that were caused by traditional organic P pesticide control were got rid of in bud period. Main results are as follows:1. 6 generations of Jaapielly sp take place in a year in Ningxia area. Adults of over-wintered generation appear in middle April and deposit eggs into the young flower buds. Young larvae feed on ovary and make flower buds swelling to form gall with the insects. The first damaging top appears in mid-late June. Insect population density decrease naturally because of higher temperature in early-middle July. The second damaging top appears from late June to middle August and mainly injure the autumn flower buds. The grown larvae of last generation appear in late September and enter into soil to over-winter.2. The top of larvae entering soil appears prior to 9:00 and the number account for 77% of total larver entering soil. The number of larvae entering soil account for 23% of total during 9:00-20:00. Most of larvae are distributed in 3cm of soil. Very few larvae are discovered in lower than 9cm of soil.3. Experiments showed that more than 98% of larvae of Jaapielly sp. was killed by putting the film on the ground. The times of using insecticides to control Jaapielly sp was decreased from 11 to 5 so as to get rid of a series of side effects caused by insecticides including organic P and so on. Species of natural enemy including ladybird bettle etc. increase obviously in experiment fields. The amount of natural enemy is as twice as that in conventional control fields4. The mulch film can promote to produce more sprouts on main branches (spring 7 inch branches) of Lycium Barbarum L. in an earlier time. It was statisticsed that more than 18.9% per 666.7 m2 could be obtained. Total cost of the mulch film was less than that of traditional chemical to control the insect pests. The ratio of input : output reached 1:7.1 to 29.7 in different situation. Remarkable economic benefit was gained. 5. The breadth of film material is different for different types of cultivation. Usually it is proper that the breadth of vertical projection of Lycium Barbarum L. crown plus 15cm; thickness of film is between 0.008mm and 0.016 mm. It is better to use the thin film, agri-film, weed-film and ground-film, in spring rather than the black film.6. Irrigation can remarkably decrease the eclosion rate of Jaapielly sp before larvae enter soil. Irrigation period is one of the main factors that cause different rate of larvae coming out from soil. The amount of irrigation has no remarkable effects on both larva survior and ecolsion rate of Jaapielly sp.7. Operation regulation of mulch film control technique to Jaapielly sp. include that mulch film is covered when the over-wintered larvae begin to eclosion in early-middle April. The mulch film can be uncovered until all of adults emerge in the early May. Time order of Fertilizer, covering film and irrigation is that fertilizer is first, next covering film and last, but not least, irrigation.更多还原