【作者】 揭海燕；

【导师】 薛进展；

【作者基本信息】 华东政法学院 ， 刑法学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 在刑事司法实践中经常会遇到这样一种情况,法院、检察院、当事人对案件的事实、性质没有分歧,但对刑罚的适用却存在较大的争议,当事人认为法官的自由裁量权过大,检察院认为法院适用刑罚不够科学、准确,法院也抱怨现行刑法对刑罚的适用规定不够明确、清晰,导致难以下判。这些意见均表明我国现行刑法对刑罚的设置存在诸多问题,本文试图对我国刑罚体系中的自由刑、生命刑、财产刑以及对单位犯罪的刑罚体系作些探讨,并参考国外有关刑罚设置的相关规定、研究及论述,提出完善我国刑罚设置的思考和建议。刑法学界对我国刑罚的走向曾经提出过许多不同的看法,较有代表性的观点有重刑化说、轻刑化说、适度化说。笔者认为“整体趋缓、兼顾合理”走向的刑罚模式符合我国的国情,在此模式下对刑罚体系重新设置,应严格限制死刑的适用,并充分考虑死刑减少后自由刑刑罚体系与之良好衔接,以达到刑罚报应与预防的二元目的。具体而言:将死缓单独作为一个刑种,并把现行刑法规定最高为死刑的许多罪种的最高刑确定为死缓。将无期徒刑设置成二种,即不可减刑、假释的终身监禁和可减刑、假释的无期徒刑。将有期徒刑的最高刑定为25年,数罪并罚时,有期徒刑的最高刑为35年。我国刑法中的财产刑包括罚金和没收财产刑。在刑罚轻缓化成为刑罚大趋势的背景下,罚金刑因其具有比较明显的优点而成为各国刑法体系中普遍适用的刑罚方法。我国现行刑法中关于罚金刑的设置存在适用范围过于狭窄、适用方式上过于强调必并制、在适用金额上大部分为无限额罚金制等问题。对此,笔者认为,应当适度扩大罚金刑的适用范围,在适用方式上以单科制和可并制为主,以科学的划分方法使罚金的数额与一定区间内的自由刑幅度形成比值对应关系。关于没收财产刑,笔者结合目前我国刑法对没收财产刑的设置存在四方面的问题,提出相应的修改建议。我国现行的刑罚体系对惩治自然人犯罪尚属合理,但是,单位犯罪不同于自然人犯罪,立法在全面肯定了单位犯罪和法人刑事责任之后,却没能在刑罚部分给予其足够的重视,刑法上120多种罪名的单位犯罪,只能适用一种刑罚—罚金,实属不合理,有必要在现行的为自然人设计的刑罚体系之外,另行构建对单位犯罪的刑罚体系,以实现对单位适用刑罚的作用和目的。考虑到国外刑法对法人犯罪的处罚积累了丰富经验值得借鉴,本文专门介绍了国外法人犯罪刑罚方法,并在此基础上提出了对我国单位犯罪刑罚体系设置的设想。主要是:完善罚金刑;增加资格刑;增加解散单位的处罚;增加公开不利消息的处罚。更多还原

【Abstract】 In the practice of criminal justice, it is a common situation that the court, the procuratorate and the defendant agree on the fact and character of the case, however, they have huge dispute over the application of penalty. In the defendant’s opinion, the discretion of the court is excessive. The procuratorate criticize the application of penalty by the court which is not so scientific and exact. The court complains about the unclearness and ambiguity of the application of penalty in existing criminal law, therefore, it is difficult to make the judgment. From the above mentioned attitudes, it reveals that there are many issues in the design of the penalty in the existing Chinese criminal law. This article will critical evaluate of the freedom penalty, life penalty, property penalty and the penalty of entity crime in Chinese criminal penalty system. Moreover, this article will refer to relevant foreign regulations, research and comments on the design of penalty system. In the end, this article will give suggestions on the improvement of Chinese penalty system.There are many attitudes on the future trend of Chinese criminal law, and the representational attitudes are Aggravating Theory, Alleviating Theory, and Moderate Theory. In my submission, the penalty system as“Moderate and Rational”is in accordance with the current situation of China. In case of redesign of the penalty system under this system, the application of Death Penalty shall be strictly restricted. Then the issue of changing from Death Penalty to Freedom Penalty shall be properly solved, in order to achieve the two aims of criminal penalty, namely retribution and precaution. It could be explained in detail: Probation of Death Penalty shall be recognized as an independent penalty, and then the Death Penalty shall be changed to Probation of Death Penalty. The Life Imprisonment shall be divided into the following two sorts of penalty: Life Imprisonment which could be commuted and paroled and Life Imprisonment which could not be commuted and paroled. The longest term of imprisonment shall be 25 years, in case of joinder of punishments for plural crimes, it shall not exceed 35 years.The property penalty in Chinese criminal law includes the Fine and Confiscation. Under the circumstance of alleviating the criminal penalty, the Fine is widely applied in the criminal system of countries in the world since it has great advantages. The problems of the application of Fine in the existing Chinese criminal law are as follows: the scope of application of Fine is too limited, the manner of application of Fine is over emphasized on affixation penalty, the sum of most of Fine is unlimited and etc. In my submission, the scope of application of Fine shall be widened properly, the manner of application of Fine shall include sloe penalty and affixation penalty, make the sum of Fine and the term of freedom penalty in proportion in scientific manner. As for Confiscation, the author will take into account of four aspects of problems of Confiscation in the existing Chinese criminal law and then give relevant suggestions on it.The penalty on the natural person of the existing Chinese criminal penalty system is almost reasonable, however, the entity crime is different from natural person crime. The legislation affirms the criminal liability of entity crime and legal person crime, however, it neglects the penalty part of entity crime. It is unreasonable since the only penalty could be applied to more than 120 sorts of entity crime is Fine. Therefore, it is necessary to design independent criminal penalty system for entity crime, other than existing criminal penalty system for natural person, in order to achieve the purpose and function of the entity crime penalty. Considering the foreign criminal laws have a great deal of experience on the penalty of legal person crime, this article will introduce the penalty of legal person crime in foreign countries. Moreover, this article will give suggestions on the design of penalty system for entity crime in China e.g. improvement of the application of Fine, increase of qualification penalty, increase the penalty of dissolution of entity, increase of the penalty of publishing adverse information.更多还原