【作者】 张建国；

【导师】 贾志宽；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业推广， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 山西在全国31个省市自治区水资源(依据人均、公顷均水资源量)排序中列第29位,是严重的缺水省份。随着国民经济和社会发展,人口增加和城市化进程的加快,特别是工业用水、城市生活用水和生态建设用水将会有大幅度增加,山西水资源短缺的矛盾将进一步加剧。解决山西缺水的一项重要措施就是节水。农业是用水大户,农业节水具有举足轻重的作用。研究山西农业节水模式,推广先进的节水技术对于实现山西水资源可持续利用、保障国家粮食安全和改善生态环境具有十分重要意义,同时对经济社会的可持续发展和全面建设小康社会也有重要促进作用。 本文采用系统综合分析、定性、定量分析与归纳演绎提炼相结合的方法,对国内外农业节水研究动态进行了综述,对山西水资源开发利用特点及存在问题进行了评价,对山西农业节水现状及存在问题进行了分析。接着以农业节水基础理论为指导,在深入分析山西农业节水潜力和模式技术体系的结构与功能基础上,结合各区域的具体情况,将现有农业节水技术进行优化组装、集成配套,构建了四种节水模式,并提出了各模式实施配套技术。主要结论如下: 1.按1998～2000年3年全省平均灌溉引水量42.89亿m~3这一供水水平分析,预测到2010、2020、2030年,通过采取渠道防渗、田间工程建设、先进节水技术和农业节水等措施,山西相应年节约水量分别可达9.18亿m~3、13.30亿m~3、16.92亿m~3。这对于保持二十一世纪农业可持续发展将起到非常重要的作用。 2.农业节水模式是一种动态模式,随生产发展和水资源变化而改变。选择农业节水模式必须遵循适地性、效益性、持续性、整体性和可操作性原则。 3.农业节水模式的技术体系一般由农业水资源开发利用和保护、工程节水技术、农作节水技术和管理节水技术等四个子系统组成,在不同地区和不同时段有不同的内容和侧重点。 4.根据山西地形地貌特点、水资源条件、灌溉设施状况、经济发展水平和农业种植结构等情况,构建了四种农业节水模式,即自流灌区与泵站灌区节水改造农业节水模式,缺水井灌区有限灌溉农业节水模式,山丘区旱作农业节水模式和城市郊区高新农业节水模式。更多还原

【Abstract】 Shanxi province ranks the twenty ninth in water resource among the thirty one provinces and autonomous regions of China (in terms of its per-capita and per-hectare water resource) and falls into the category of the provinces with severe water shortage. With its economic and social developments, its industrial and domestic consumptions of water and the consumption of water for ecological construction will greatly increase due to its increasing population and accelerating urbanization and thus its severe water shortage will become further deteriorated. In Shanxi province, one of the important ways to overcome water shortage is saving water. Agriculture is the major water consumer and thus water saving in agriculture can play a balance-holding role. Therefore, it is greatly significant for Shanxi province to probe water-saving models for agriculture and extend advanced water-saving techniques in realizing the sustainable utilization of its water resources, maintain its safe supply of grains, and improving its ecological environments as well as in helping realize its sustainable economic and social developments and construct its well-off society.The paper adopts systematic and integrated analysis, qualitative and quantitative analysis and inductive and deductive method to summarize domestic and international researches, studies the characteristics and problems in the exploitation of water resources in Shanxi province and analyzes the status quo and problems in water saving of agriculture in Shanxi province. Furthermore, following relevant water-saving theories, the paper in depth looks into the water saving potentials of agriculture and the structures and functions of the technical systems of water-saving models in Shanxi province and then accordingly optimizes and integrates the water-saving techniques of agriculture to form four types of water saving models, and puts forward the techniques to match the models. The conclusions are mainly as follows:1. with the average water consumption of 4.289 billion cubic meters by irrigation in the three years from 1998 to 2000 adopted as the baseline of water consumption by irrigation, the paper predicts that 0.918 billion cubic meters , 1.330 billion cubic meters and 1.692 billion cubic meters of water will be saved by such measures as canal anti-seepage, field engineering construction, adoption of advanced water saving techniques and water saving farming practices in 2010, 2020 and 2030, respectively. This will play a very important role inmaintaining agricultural development in the twenty first century.2. Because the water saving models are dynamic ones, they will vary with the development of agricultural production and the changes of water resources. The choice of a water saving model should follow the principle of good adaptation to local conditions, high efficiency, good sustainability, and proper wholeness and good operability.3. The technical system of a water saving model generally is composed of four sub-systems, the subsystem of resource exploitation and conservation, the subsystem of water-saving engineering techniques, the subsystem of water-saving farming techniques and the subsystem of water-saving management techniques, and its composition emphasizes particularly on different components and structures in different regions and periods of time.4. In accordance with the landforms, water resources and irrigation facilities and economic levels and planting structures of Shanxi province, the paper develops four water saving models of agriculture in the province, i.e. the water-saving model for the regions with gravity pump-dependent irrigations , the water-saving model for the regions with limited irrigation relying on water resources other than wells, the water saving model for dry-land farming in mountainous and hilly regions and the high-tech water saving model for suburb farming.更多还原