从“天朝上国”到“地上的世界”

【作者】 宣刚；

【导师】 蔡道通；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 法学理论， 2006， 硕士

【副题名】晚清早期驻外公使国际法思想研究

【摘要】 甲午战争之前中国驻外公使是中国近代较早走向世界的一个群体，他们的活动远远超出了外交的范畴，与晚清的政治法律变革紧密相连。早期驻外公使近代外交官身份和日常对外交涉的工作需要，决定了他们对西方法律的考察是从国际法开始的。 早期驻外公使大多能够在出使之前主动学习国际法知识，通过学习，他们了解和熟悉了近代外交国际法，萌发了国家主权观念，并在对外交涉的过程中逐渐接受了以西方为中心的近代国际秩序，考察并在一定程度上参与了近代国际组织的活动，开阔了视野。同时，早期驻外公使能够将掌握的国际法知识，运用于日常交涉和设立领事、保护华侨等外交实践中去，这些实践也增强了他们对于国际法的信心。但是，他们并没有因此完全迷信国际法的作用，而是难得的保持了清醒的认识和理性的态度，就总体倾向性而言，早期驻外公使的国际法思想和实践，紧扣历史跳动的脉搏，呈现出较高的整体水平，他们对近代国际法的直观感受，为我们提供了一个独特的观察中国传统法律向近代转型的视角。此外，早期驻外公使对西方国家宪政民主和司法制度的考察和介绍，为清末的政治法律变革做了必要的知识准备和思想启蒙，更新了中国人的法律观念，为晚清法制注入了现代化的意识。更多还原

【Abstract】 The envoys to the west before the Jia wu battle are a group of people who went abroad much early in Chinese modern history. Their activity has far gone beyond the diplomatic category, improved and linked to with the politics and laws of late Qing closely. The modern diplomat’s identity of early envoys stationed abroad and daily need of work of carrying on negotiations to the other countries, it is determined that their investigations of the western law begins from international law.Mostly of them could learned international law knowledge voluntarily before sending as an envoy to abroad, through studying, they understood and are familiar with the modern diplomatic international law, had sprouted idea of sovereign right, and had accepted the modern international order taking the west as the center during the process of carrying on negotiations to the other countries. Investigate and participate in the activity of the modern international organization to a certain extent, have widened the visual field. Meanwhile, the international law knowledge which the early minister stationed abroad mastered, have been applied to and carried on negotiations and set up consul at other countries, protect the overseas Chinese etc, these practices have strengthened their confidence to the international law too. However, they have no function of international law of complete superstition, still rarely kept a sober understanding and rational attitude. As regards overall tendentiousness, the early envoy’s international law thought and practice, linked closely to the pulse hat of history beats, demonstrate higher integral level. Theirs ocular feeling of international law, offer us one unique angle view to observation how China’s traditional law was transformed into modern times. In addition, theirs investigation and introduction of the democratic and judicial system of constitutional governments of western countries, have done essential knowledge preparation and thoughts initiation for the politics and laws revolution of the latter stage of Qing Dynasty, have upgraded the Chinese legal idea, have injected modernized consciousness into late Qing law.更多还原