1931年江淮流域水灾及其救济研究

【作者】 张瑞娟；

【导师】 经盛鸿；

【作者基本信息】 南京师范大学 ， 专门史， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 1931年(民国二十年)6月到8月，以江淮为中心，发生了全国性的大洪水，洪水历时长，范围广，后果极其严重。水灾波及到23个省，死亡约370余万人，灾民达1亿人，财产损失无法计算，带来了前所未有的经济与社会危机。其中，长江、淮河的泛滥给沿江滨河的湖北、湖南、江苏、安徽、江西、浙江等省造成的损失最大、也最具代表性。 如此大的水灾发生有其历史原因，黄河夺淮长期不治，黄淮地区灾害不断。也有自然地理原因，如1931年反常的降雨天气，植被森林遭到破坏，天然湖区、低地被放垦、侵占等，这是生产力低下难以战胜的。但还有社会原因，民国时期社会背景复杂，特别是当局军阀混战，政府腐败成为灾情扩大的重要原因。 民国二十年水灾，发生在中国农业最发达的地区，主要粮棉产区的江汉大地稻、棉遭到了毁灭性的打击，农业上带来了巨大的损失，此外还对整个江淮地区的经济、社会和教育文化产生了重要影响，给人们留下了无法弥补的创伤。 面对突如其来的洪水，南京国民政府成立了“救济水灾委员会”，颁布了各种赈济方案，在具体措施上，不单停留在消耗性救济上，而且注意到了水利设施建设，农业经济的重振等生产性救济，这是有其进步作用的。但从实际效果来看，这些努力对于灾区总体损失而言是微不足道的。同时源于制度的因素对社会救济行动有着根本性的影响，一个勇于内战而漠于民生的政府是无法挽救水灾造成的损失的，也注定了水灾救济的效率是低下的。更多还原

【Abstract】 From June to August in 1931, a nationwide big flood took place in the centre of yangzi and Huaihe River. The flood lasted a long time and covered a large number of areas, so that the consequence is extremely great. The flood spreaded to 23 provinces where about 3,700,000 people died and 100,000,000 people suffered. It caused countless property damages and unprecedented economic and social crisis. The damage to the provinces, such as Hubei, Hunan, Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi and Zhejiang, caused by the deluge of the Yangzi River and Huai River was the biggest and most representative.The happening of such large flood had its historical reasons: the phenomenon that the Yellow River occupied branches of the Huai River hadn’t got control for a long time, and floods in areas along the Yellow River and the Huai River occurred ceaselessly. There’re also geographical reasons. For example, the abnormal rainfall in 1931 destroyed vegetations and forests, so that the natural lakes and low lands were used as farmlands due to the low productivity at that time.Moreover, there’re social reasons. In the period of the Republic of China, the social situation was complex. The battle royal of warlords and corruption of the authorities were the important reasons for the enlargement of the flood.The flood happening in the most developed areas in terms of agriculture in China in 1931 destructively destroyed the rice planted in Jiang and Han areas, brought huge expanse in agriculture, and badly affected the economy, society, education and culture in the whole Jiang and Huai areas, leaving people unrepairable hurts.Facing the unexpected flood, the Nanjing national government established the Flood Relief Committee, and promulgated varied plans. Specifically, they didn’t only relieve the consumable economy, but attached importance to the construction of water conservancy and the rebuild of the agricultural economy, which has its progressive functions. From the practical perspective, their efforts were negligible with respect to the total loss of the disaster areas. At the same time, the government focusing on the civil war and ignoring the people’s livelihood couldn’t retrieve the loss caused by the flood. Thus the efficiency of the flood relief was low.更多还原