【作者】 蒙宗宏；

【导师】 王有智；

【作者基本信息】 陕西师范大学 ， 基础心理学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 在当前虚浮、急功近利的社会文化以及相应而生的价值观影响下,保持一种平和的心态实非易事。生存竞争的激烈迫使父母从儒家传统的“子不教,父之过”的观念出发,协同教师与学校,给孩子加上种种负担,并美其名为提高孩子的整体素质。在这一素质教育的漩涡中,作为事件主体的儿童却没有了话语权,成为名副其实的“弱势群体”。而父母、教师以至社会只是着眼于儿童的能力发展或者技能训练与将来能够产生的效益,对儿童均衡人格的塑造却放在一旁。甚至违反儿童的天性,行舍本逐末之举。儿童因为受此种素质教育的“益处”,结果导致行为反常,乃至儿童人格失衡。 人的素质第一要素为均衡的人格。本文从《道德经》中的心理学思想与自体心理学关于儿童人格发展的理论视角比较出发,论述什么是均衡的人格以及如何塑造儿童均衡的人格。《道德经》与自体心理学出自于不同的传统文化背景。虽然文化背景的差异导致了认识问题方式与方法的差异,但其所论述的对象(人类的心理生活)具有普遍的相似性:1.《道德经》中蕴含的人格心理学思想与自体心理学的人格理论都强调儿童人格形成与发展过程中示范模板的重要作用,例如《道德经》中的无为、不争、贵心、节制、爱人的圣人与自体心理学的理想化自我;2.都强调人格独立的重要性。《道德经》中的圣人,只师从于“道”,强调从人的本性出发自然而为,而非迫于世俗的压力和内心的私欲出发刻意而为,对世俗社会的道德规范采取否定的态度并提倡遵从人与道合一的、自为的道德。自体心理学的人格理论强调内聚的自身,即儿童在人格健全的自身对象的影响下区分自身与理想化自身,脱离对理想化自身的依赖,从而形成独立的、健全的人格。3.二者对于人格形成最初的人性假设是相似的。《道德经》假定人性本善,人在世俗社会中要追随“道”不断地加强修养,“见素抱朴”,“复归于婴儿”。自体心理学的人格理论假定人之初并无自身,在与自身对象的相互作用过程中逐渐形成自为的内聚化自身。4.二者都认为焦虑是人格发展失衡的产物。老子认为只有圣人才可以去除过多的私欲和对自身过分的珍爱,达到与“道”合一。科赫特认为健全人格以内聚化自身形成为前提,对具体事物和自身分裂的焦虑产生人格障碍。 通过对中国传统文化背景下《道德经》中蕴含的人格心理学思想与西方传统文化背景下自体心理学中关于儿童人格的论述的比较,对均衡人格进行了这样的界定:均衡人格是个体在与社会环境的相互作用过程中,参照其所处的历史文化背景及其相应的社会价值观,形成与所处时代相适应的人格结构。均衡人格并非理想人格。理想人格体现社会对其个体的要求,是人一生所追求的理想人格状态,更多还原

【Abstract】 The effects of the constant social valuation system make it difficult to keep mild mode. Intense competition drives parents together with schools and teachers compel children to afford heavy burden for the aim of prompt theirs quality of the future. They think that is their duty to do this guided by the ideas of Confucianism. Children have not the privilege to express their wills as in the just position encountering the tide of the quality education. They became real so-called "the weak group". Parents, teachers, even the society just keep the eyes on the advantages children would get in the future, do not care balance personality cultivation. The nature of children is ignored. This would lead to some behavior problem such as children self-injury, suicide as the results of such quality education. Tao Te Ching, as being one of the world classics written by Lao Tzu, can give help to the embarrass situation. Lao Tzu promote the virtues of duly regulated, forgiveness, mild and kindness. He pleads that people should do things following the superior morality, respect human as human.Comparing the self psychology and Tao Te Ching, the two theories are so alike in spite of the different culture they came from. The conception of the balanced personality concludes such contents: The balanced personality would form as children are respected as human beings. Second, the balanced personality is rational, understanding the just relations between children and the world. Its components consists of such factors, modest and prudent, persevering, faithful, respecting themselves and others, restraint and capacity to love themselves, others and the world. Third, the balanced personality could give the right response to the social situation. At the same time, the nature of children would not be lost. The last, the balanced personality is not external regulated but self- regulated.Comparing the self psychology and Tao Te Ching, there are some advices offered: First, parent and teacher communicate with children equally, respecting their privilege to speaking out, caring them objectively, and so on. Second, the theories also might give some advices to the so-called qualities education. They strengthen that molding the balanced personality should be the most important work. Third, the nature of childrenshould be respected and the objective rules should be followed to build the balanced personality. And the last, teaching children how to get ride of the surplus desire and sophisticated ideas would help children to enjoy their lives as human beings.The traditional culture has plenty of good ideas of how to build a national theory of personality. To compare the theories coming from the different culture do good to such work. Just like a man cannot leave the floor by pulling his hair, it is a short cut to build national theory of personality by this model.更多还原