科举作弊及其与科举制度功能的异化

【作者】 石焕霞；

【导师】 刘虹；

【作者基本信息】 河北师范大学 ， 教育学原理， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 自隋唐开始延续了一千多年的科举制度,对中国封建社会的教育乃至今日的教育都起着不可估量的作用。科举制度“一切以程文为去留”的宗旨,打破了以往的门阀、血缘观念,传达了一种“学而优则仕”的公平公正理念,即社会各阶层的人都可以通过考试进入统治阶级内部,即使是社会最底层的人也不例外。在身份与地位是一个人成功与否重要标志的封建社会,全国上下都竞相奔走在科举的考试场。许多人挖空心思、想方设法钻制度的空子,并试图通过各种手段跻身于仕途,于是形形色色的科举作弊就出现了。作弊的泛滥使科举制度在现实操作中的“公正性”大打折扣,为了维护科举制度在世人眼中的形象,种种反作弊举措纷纷出台。因而对“公平”的不懈追求,使作弊与反作弊的较量成为科举制度发展过程中的主要矛盾,进而冲击了科举制度的初始功能,导致了科举制度功能的异化,由“选才”走向了“防弊”,由选拔人才走向了戕害人才。 为了具体阐述“科举作弊及其与科举制度功能的异化”这个命题,本文主要从四个部分进行了分析:第一部分,主要提出了科举作弊这一问题,并对几个核心概念进行了解释;第二部分,综述了历代科举制度下形形色色的作弊方式,并运用默顿的失范理论对科举作弊的原因进行了社会学分析;第三部分,从两个方面分析了科举作弊如何引起科举制度功能的异化,一是科举作弊导致的科举制度功能的异化,二是从反科举作弊的角度间接阐释了科举防弊举措的错位引发的选才功能的异化;第四部分结语,主要在前面分析的基础上,对科举作弊及其与科举制度的关系作了进一步的探讨。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since Imperial Examination (IE) System came into being in Sui and Tang Dynasty, it had been lasting for nearly 1300 years in Chinese history. It had a profound impact on Chinese imperial and even modern education. Unlike the former selective systems, IE system had communicated such a notion as impartial as impossible. The aim of "Everything by examination" broke through the traditional concept that the dynasts had selected officials according to their family status. It provided comparatively equal opportunities for everyone coming from different social stratum. So under the temptation of the idea of justice, all the intellectuals from all over the country had challenged in the imperial examination hall. In order to conquer others many examinees competed by hook or crook, so various cheating means appeared. The flooding of cheating had watered the justice of IE. To counter the cheating in IE, a lot of against-cheating measures came on in succession, and weakened the initial function of IE.The paper falls into four chapters. The first chapter is introduction, which puts forward the issue, regulates the research range and tasks, summarize the predecessor’s research results and existing problems. The second one is the cheating analysis, which studies the history, fact, era characteristics of cheating and exerts Merton’s anomie theory to discuss the reasons. The third one is the analysis of cheating how to bring about the alienation of the function, including two angles : cheating and against-cheating. The last one is the conclusion, discussing the relationships between IE and cheating.更多还原