青少年的民族认同及其与个体主义/集体主义倾向的关系

【作者】 李春；

【导师】 张文新；

【作者基本信息】 山东师范大学 ， 发展与教育心理学， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 社会生活中的个体无一例外地从属于多个大小、结构、地位等各异的群体。个体通过去人格化将群体心理化以产生对某一群体的认同,从而影响到个体的自我概念和行为。相对于班级、社区等小规模的群体而言,民族和国家范围更广,结构更加复杂。Phinney将民族认同定义为个体归属为某一个群体的感觉,以及对这一群体身份的思考、知觉和感情。具体而言,民族认同包括作为一个群体成员的自我认同、对群体的归属感、依恋感和积极的态度以及对社会实践和文化传统的参与和遵从。青少年对于本民族的认同具有什么样的特点,民族成员遵从什么样的行为规范-——是遵从本民族的文化传统还是迎合其它相对优势文化的主流?对于这些问题的探讨,不仅有助于理解青少年的心理和行为的发生机制及其集体意识,同样对于深入理解民族的凝聚力水平和青少年社会责任感的培养都具有十分重要的意义。目前我国正处于从相对封闭、文化同质的社会向相对松散、文化相对异质的社会形态转变的社会转型期,社会的急骤变革以及中外民族文化的交流与比较使得当代中国青少年面临着现代与传统的多重选择,从而使得对这一问题的研究更为迫切。本研究以Tajfel和Turner的社会认同理论和自我分类理论以及Phinney青少年民族认同的三阶段发展模型作为主要理论基础,对初中二年级(平均年龄14.34岁)、高中二年级(平均年龄17.46岁)和大学二年级(平均年龄20.34岁)学生共1352人实施集体问卷调查。同时对624名初二和高二青少年被试的家长(平均年龄42.16岁)实施个别问卷调查(青少年和成人被试共计1976人),重点考察了中国汉族青少年中华民族认同的年龄和城乡特点、代际差异以及汉族青少年和青少年父母中华民族认同与个体主义/集体主义倾向的关系。得出以下主要结论:1.青少年的中华民族认同存在显著的年龄差异。不论是总体民族认同水平,还是在其认知和行为维度上的得分,均为初二青少年显著高于高二和大二,而高二和大二青少年之间差异不显著;在情感维度上,三个年级被试的得分随年级升高而逐渐下降。2.不论是单纯以青少年为被试,还是把青少年和青少年父母看作为一个整体,农村和城镇青少年及其父母的民族认同水平均显著高于城市青少年及其父母,更多还原

【Abstract】 Each person in society belongs to more than one social group different in size,status and so on. Individuals identify certain group through depersonalization, whichinfluences one’s self-concept and behavior. Nation is a wide and complex group.Phinney defined national identity as “one’s sense or belonging to an ethnic groups andthe part of one’s thinking, perception, feelings, and behavior that is due to ethnic groupmembership”, which includes a member’s personal identity, the sense of belonging andattachment to own group, and attitudes to and participation in traditional activities .It’s necessary and interesting to examine the nature of adolescent’ nationalidentity as it should help the educators cultivate their collective consciousness and thesense of social responsibility. This study is of great importance especially tocontemporary Chinese adolescent and the educators because of the eventful socialtransition taking place in China now.The purposes of this study are to examine the natures of han nationalityadolescents’ identity to Chinese nation, the differences between adolescents andparents in Chinese national identity, the relationship between adolescents and parents’Chinese national’ identity, and horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivismbasing on Tajfel and Turner’s social identity theory, self-categorization theory andPhinney’s three phases developmental model.1352 adolescents in grade two from four junior high schools, three senior highschools and three universities and 624 adults (the parents concerned) were investigated,and their average ages were14.34, 17.46, 20.34 and 42.16 respectively. The mainconclusions are as follows:1. The junior high school samples reported significantly higher levels in nationalidentity and its cognitive and behavior dimensions than the senior high schoolsamples and university samples, and no significant differences were found betweenthe last two groups. On emotional dimension, the junior high school samplesscored significantly higher than the senior high school samples, while the seniorhigh school samples scored significantly higher than the university samples.2. Whether examined alone or with parents, urban samples scored significantly higherthan rural and county samples on national identity as a whole, and on its’ emotional,cognitive and behavior dimensions. No difference was found between rural andcounty samples.3. Parents scored higher than adolescents on Chinese national identity as a whole andon its’ cognitive and behavior dimensions. No significant generation difference wasfound in emotional dimension to national identity. Generation differences weremodified by location, and the results indicated that urban parents were moreinclined to identify with Chinese nation as a whole and its three dimensions as wellthan urban adolescencts;county samples exhibited generation differences only incognitive and behavior dimensions, and no generation difference was found in ruralsamples.4. For Adolescents samples, Chinese national identity as a whole and its threedimensions positively related to vertical and horizontal collectivism and verticalindividualism respectively. There was no significant co-relation with verticalindividualism. The emotional and cognitive dimensions positively predict verticaland horizontal collectivism and vertical individualism significantly aftercontrolling for the age and location factors. The behavioral dimension positivelypredict vertical and horizontal collectivism significantly, however, it can’tsignificantly predict vertical individualism.5. For parent samples, the relations between Chinese national identity as a whole andits three dimensions and vertical and horizontal collectivism and verticalindividualism were the same as that of the adolescents samples. The emotionaldimension positively predict vertical collectivism after controlling for the genderand location factors, however, it can’t significantly predict vertical individualismand horizontal collectivism. The cognitive and behavioral dimensions positivelypredict vertical and horizontal collectivism and vertical individualism significantly.Finally,the conclusions ‘revelation to theory and reality was discussed and thestudy’s limination and the research oriention in the future were introduced.更多还原