【作者】 王东升；

【导师】 朱庆育；

【作者基本信息】 中国政法大学 ， 民商法， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 《中华人民共和国合同法》(以下简称合同法)第114条对违约金数额调整的法理基础分别是,契约自由及其限制、违约金性质、多方利益衡平以及自由裁量权限制等四个方面。合同自由与合同正义相辅相成、共同协力,是违约金数额调整的基础性法理之一。惩罚性与补偿性是违约金的功能而非违约金的性质。违约金性质包括担保性与民事责任性。违约金数额调整是衡平守约方、违约方及社会利益的必然结果。在违约金数额调整方面,法官适用自由裁量权须有章可循,无“度”裁量是引发违约金数额调整混乱的根源。在违约金数额调整中,应当坚持公权力适度介入与补偿为主兼具惩罚性两个原则。违约金数额调整系一项形成权,该权利的行使以权利人提出为必要。我国合同法第114条确定的违约金属于补偿性违约金,但我国合同法并不排斥惩罚性违约金,惩罚性违约金在我国合同法上有其存在的必要性,当事人可以在合同中加以约定。对于合同约定不明的违约金,应当进行合理解释,确认归属。违约金数额调整应当参考一些因素,这些因素有原则性因素与具体性因素。损失因素、合同总标的额因素以及过错因素属于原则性因素,在确定违约金底额时起关键性作用。在违约金数额调整中,确立底额限制规则和故意不减规则可为违约金计算提供方便。非财产损害、寻求代替交易难易程度、是否获利、部分履行、合同违约情况等属于具体因素,在违约金数额调整时均应予考虑。更多还原

【Abstract】 《Contract low of the People’s Republic of China》 ( below brief name contractlow) article 114 demonstrate a legal theory foundation for to the adjustment of theamount of the liquidated damages: freedom of contract and its restrict, liquidateddamages nature, multipartite balancing of interest and right of discretion restrict fouraspects. The freedom of contract and contract justice should supplement each other andjoin force together, which is a foundation legal theory that the adjustment of theamount of the liquidated damages. The punitiveness and the compensationness is theliquidated damage’s function rather than nature. The liquidated damages natureincludes to the nature of guarantee and the nature of civil duties. The adjustment of theamount of the liquidated damages is an inevitable result that is even to balance thebenefits among the observant party, delinquent party and society. In the aspects of theadjustment of the amount of the liquidated damages, the judge must have a rule to beobserved with applying the right of discretion. It is the source to causes the adjustmentof the amount of the liquidated damages confusion of having no the " degree"adjudication. In the adjustment of the amount of the liquidated damages, should obeytwo principles which is the public right due intervention and major compensationess tominor punitiveness. The adjustment of the amount of the liquidated damagesis a rightof formation, which exercises with necessity of obligee puts forward. the liquidateddamages that The contract law article 114 definite belongs to the compensationnessliquidated damages ,but the contract law do not reject the punitiveness liquidateddamages. It is necessity that the contract law support the punitiveness liquidateddamages. The party may agree on it in the contract. If the agreement don’t agree on thenature of the liquidated damages, It should to proceed reasonable explain to confirm itsnature. The adjustment of the amount of the liquidated damages should to consult somefactor, these factors contain principle factor and concrete factor. Property loss factor,general object of contract factor and fault factors belongs to the principle factor thattakes decisive effect on the determination of the adjustment of the amount of theliquidated damages. In the adjustment of the amount of the liquidated damages, therule of amount limit and the rule of no reduction in accordance with intention and therule of amount can offering the convenience to compute the liquidated damages.Thenon-property loss, the difficult degree to replace the bargain, the accrual or not, the partperformance, the breach of contract circumstance etc, belong to concrete factor, It allshould to consider when adjust the liquidated damages.更多还原