【作者】 李媛媛；

【导师】 项继权；

【作者基本信息】 华中师范大学 ， 中外政治制度， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 在美国,传统的县政府一直被视为州的行政分支。面对城市化、民主化和市场化的挑战,美国的县特别是都市县和郊区县经历了由传统到现代的嬗变,职能得以扩展、权力得以充实、组织结构得以更新、政府间关系得以重塑,从而较好地满足了地方居民的需求。 笔者把美国县政府的历史与变迁概括为在英国的源头、殖民地时期初具雏形、独立战争到内战期间传统形态的确立、内战到一战期间遭遇困境、一战到二战的转型、二战后的现代化六个阶段。在经过了前三个阶段的发展后,美国县政府确立了它的传统形态,其基本特征是——主要履行州规定的职能;被视为州的行政分支、代理人;采用传统的多头行政的委员会制;缺乏与其它地方政府间的广泛合作。内战后,城市化、市场化和民主化都对县政府提出了改革要求,但县政府真正的变化是随着一战后郊区的蔓延和大都市区问题的凸显而零星出现的,并在二战之后加快了进度,逐渐步入现代化时期。县的现代化主要表现是:涌现出大量都市县和郊区县,由它们提供城市型服务;获得了一定的自治权,弱化了州的控制;委员会—行政官制与委员会—民选县长制成为广泛采用的组织形式;加强了与其它地方政府间的合作。目前,县政府仍处于传统与现代相互交织的状态,改革还在继续。更多还原

【Abstract】 In America, traditional county government is regarded as an arm of state. Confronted with urbanization, democratization, marketization, county government especially the metropolitan or suburban counties, transited from traditional mold to modern mold. In this process, its function is expanded, power is increased, governmental structure is renovated, and governmental relationship is adjusted. It satisfies demands of local residents.I describe the history of American county government in six phases as follows: the origin in Britain, the rudiment in colony times, the traditional mold from the revolution to the civil war, the dilemma from the civil war to world war I ,the transition from world war I to world war II, modernization since world war II. The traditional county was established by the time of the civil war. Characteristics of the traditional mold include: the performance of mainly state-mandated functions, the concept of the county as an arm of the states, the traditional commission form of county government, and the lack of extensive cooperation with other units of local governments. After civil war, the urbanization, democratization and marketization called for the reform of county government. But the genuine progress started with the extension of suburbs and the conspicuousness of the metropolitan problems after world war I. Especially after the world war II ,the progress sped up, and county government entered into modernization. County modernization is the trends away from the traditional mold ,which include: changes in county services especially in metropolitan and suburban counties, the home rule movement which is altering relationship of state and county government, the adoption of newer forms of county organization, the growth of cooperative intergovernmental linkages. However, the traditional and modern factors are interweaving with each other at present. Reform keeps on.更多还原