【作者】 张鹏；

【导师】 熊伟民；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 世界史， 2006， 硕士

【摘要】 20世纪80年代是经济政策在世界范围内发生重大变化的十年。所有这些变化的共同特征是政府在经济中的作用减弱了。这种变化不仅发生在里根时代的美国、撒切尔时代的英国、改革开放中的中国,还包括从南部的智利到北部的墨西哥等拉美各国,以及整个东欧和前苏联等广大地区。 以美国为例,当时的里根政府就强调通过控制通货膨胀、降低税率、减少非防务开支等方法来消除使人头疼的经济滞胀问题。为了与凯恩斯主义者强调有效需求形成对比,世界各国的学者一般都把这类反凯恩斯主义的政策称作“供给经济学”。实际上,这些政策的基本理论可以追溯到亚当·斯密发表于18世纪末的《国富论》的基本观点和前凯恩斯的有关货币和财政政策的观点。 本文将讨论美国政府特别是里根政府在财政政策问题上所作的探索,一方面是为了吸收和借鉴前人的思想和成果,使自己能站在较高的起点上进行研究;另一方面是通过回顾以发现前人研究的不足或还未深入的某些领域的问题,并且就这些问题谈谈自己的看法。 本文除了简单地回顾20世纪30年代以来传统的平衡预算论的财政政策之外,作者把重点放在里根第一任期内是如何力图通过各种财政手段的交叉使用来刺激经济增长以及所产生的结果。由于经济理论、政策思想和政策实践的相互作用,本文将以美国财政政策的实践为主线,并不断插入对经济理论和政策思想变化的分析。在这一方面,作者期望达到的目标是,通过对美国财政政策实践的历史考察,分析里根政府财政政策转变的原因及政策效果,为美国宏观经济政策的转变提供全面的、具有说服力的解释。 此外,作者还将认真总结美国财政政策,特别是里根政府财政政更多还原

【Abstract】 World-wide fiscal policies took great changes during the decade of 1980’ s. The common feature of these policies was that government’ s role in economy was weakened. It occurred in Reagan time USA, Thatcher time Briton, reform and opening policy China, Latin American countries from Chile in the south to Mexico in the north, large areas as whole Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union and so on.In America, for example, the then Reagan’ s government tried to dispel some troublesome economic problems by reducing its inflation, the rate of tax and non-defense expense, it contrasted with Keynes’ s emphasis on demand which is generally called as "Economics of Supplies" by scholars in the world. Actually, its basic theory can be tracked down to Adam Smith’ s issue "The Wealth of Nations" published at the end of 18th century and also the people’ s viewpoints of fiscal policy before Keynes.This paper tries to focus on other people’ s researches on American fiscal policies especially during Reagan’ s tenures for the purpose of absorbing and referring to their results in the study of American fiscal policies. On the other hand, this paper tries to find out what other people lacked and what they haven’ t involved in the study of this area and at the same time to express its own view about it.Recalling briefly American traditional balance budget since 1930’ s, this paper focuses on Reagan government’ sefforts during his first tenure managing to change from deficit budget trace to balance budget trace and its results as well. It is the fact that economic theory, policy theory and practical theory are interacted. This paper studies mainly about American fiscal practice with some analysis of economic theories and policy theories. Based on this, through examining the fiscal theories and the change of policy theories in American history, this paper analyses the change of American fiscal policies, especially its causes and effects during Reagan’ s tenure, and thus provides fully with convinced interpretation to the change of American macroeconomic policy.This paper also summarizes carefully American fiscal policies, especially Reagan government’ s success and failure. Generally speaking, transitions of American fiscal policy are all following. The development of the important macroeconomic environment changing and some corresponding economic theories, each transition has been complied with and adopted to the requirement for development of the era, and also reflects blending and promotion of the economic theories and policies in practice. But in the process of practical operating, limited by people’ s cognitive abilities as economic thoughts, sources of information, analysis techniques and the complexity in the identical decision—making, it is hard to aim at the direction of policy to choose the strength and chances of an uncertain world, fiscal policy will always face the test of misguiding policy. As far as the practice of American fiscal policy is concerned, though it has many successful experiences for us tolearn from, it has quiet a few unsuccessful experiences which must be remembered.更多还原