【作者】 李文；

【导师】 张善斌；

【作者基本信息】 武汉大学 ， 法律， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 侵权行为归则原则是行为人因其行为和物件致他人损害的事实发生时,确定其应承担民事责任的一般性规则,是据以确定侵权民事责任由行为人承担的理由、标准或者说最终决定性的根本要素,是贯彻于整个侵权行为法之中、并对各个侵权法规范起着统帅作用的立法指导方针,是司法机关处理侵权纠纷所应遵循的基本准则。过错责任中承担民事责任的基础是过错,无过错责任中承担民事责任的基础不是过错,而是其他事由。我国侵权行为归则原则包括过错责任原则和无过错责任原则。 过错责任原则是以行为人主观上有过错为承担民事责任的充分必要条件,即行为人仅在有过错的情况下才承担民事责任;没有过错,就不承担民事责任。过错责任原则具有醇化道德风尚的作用、行为标准的作用、确定侵权责任、救济侵权损害的作用、预防损害的作用、协调利益冲突的作用。过错责任原则的适用包括适用范围、适用方法、有关受害人和第三人的过错问题三个方面的内容。我国现有法律对违反安全保障义务的责任、教育机构的过错责任、定作人的责任以及交通事故损害赔偿案件责任认定方面的规定不是很完善。 无过错责任是指无论行为人有无过错,法律规定应当承担民事责任的,行为人应当对其行为所造成的损害承担民事责任。无过错责任原则具有适用对象特别规定,不考虑加害人的过错,侵权行为由侵害行为、损害及二者之间的因果关系构成的特征。在适用范围、适用方法、责任限制、免责条件有特别规定。对国家机关或国家机关工作人员在执行职务中的侵权责任、雇主责任、义务帮工人的责任、医疗事故中民事责任的处理等类型案件应作出具体规定。更多还原

【Abstract】 Doctrine of liability fixation for tortious act is a general regulation that decides the civil liability of the actor for the damage brought to another person due to its behavior or belongings. It is the reason and standard or ultimately decisive essential elements for determining civil liability born by the actor; it’s also guidelines of legislation and basic norm by which judicial authorities should abide when dealing with infringement disputes. For liability with fault, fault is the base for civil liability. For liability without fault, the base for civil liability is not fault but other causes. Doctrine of liability fixation for tortious act in China includes principle of liability with fault and principle of liability without fault.Principle of liability with fault regard subjective fault as the necessary and sufficient conditions for the actor to bear civil liability, namely, the actor bears civil liability only when he/she has faults; without faults, he/she does not bear civil liability. Principle of liability with fault is the code of behavior that could enhance people’s moral level. It determines liability for tort, relieves and prevents damage caused by tort, and coordinates interest conflicts. The application of principle of liability with fault consists of application scope, application methods, relevant victims and fault of the third person. The current law if China is not perfect in stipulation about liability for breaking safety assurance obligation, fault of educational institutions and ordering party and determining compensation liability for traffic accidents.Liability without fault means that the actor should bear the civil liability no matter he has fault or not according to law for damages caused by his act. Principle of liability without fault has special stipulations on the applicable objects; it does not take the faults of the person causing the injury into consideration. Tortious act has the characteristics of the injurious act, damage and the causal relationship between them. There are special regulations on the scope of application, methods of application, and limitation of liability and conditions of no responsibility. The cases such as tortious liability, employer’s liability, the liability of volunteer workers, and civil liability in medical accident when the government organs or personnel of government organs carry out their duties should be regulated in great detail.The author thinks that the legislation shall stipulates that principle with faults shall apply to all tortious acts; only when both parties have no fault or the person causing the injury has no fault, the principle of liability without fault might be used; and there shall be a limitation for compensation in law; and the special tortious acts shall be classified into different categories.更多还原