【作者】 李梅；

【导师】 金海国； 张嘉保；

【作者基本信息】 延边大学 ， 动物遗传育种与繁殖， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 本文对延边黄牛及其与利木赞的杂交后代——利延杂交牛分别进行了细胞遗传学和血液蛋白多态性的研究。通过染色体核型和显带分析,为研究延边黄牛的起源进化、品种形成和基因定位提供细胞遗传学方面的基础数据;利用血液蛋白多态性分析延边黄牛的遗传多样性,评价延边黄牛内的遗传变异程度以及延边黄牛和利延杂交牛的遗传关系。同时,为畜禽遗传资源的合理保护和利用提供了细胞遗传学和血液蛋白多态性方面的客观依据和背景资料。 采用外周血淋巴细胞培养技术、常规染色体制片技术和染色体C-分带技术,对延边黄牛(10♀,10♂)和利延杂交牛(14♀,15♂)两品种的染色体核型和C-带进行了研究。结果表明,延边黄牛和利延杂交牛二倍体染色体数目2n=60,公牛核型为2n=60,XY,母牛为2n=60,XX,其中29对常染色体均为端着丝粒染色体,X染色体为较大的亚中着丝粒染色体,Y染色体为较小的中着丝粒染色体。 采用AutoCAD计算机设计软件测量染色体的相对长度,延边黄牛和利延杂交牛的常染色体变化范围分别是1.545%～4.921%和1.637%～5.855%。X染色体的相对长度分别是5.001%和5.640%,Y染色体分别是1.928%和2.045%。经t检验,延边黄牛和利延杂交牛的常染色体相对长度,性染色体相对长度、着丝粒指数和臂比的差异显著(p<0.05)。 C-带分析表明,延边黄牛和利延杂交牛的带型基本相似。延边黄牛和利延杂交牛的所有常染色体的着丝粒部位为深染,臂为浅染;X染色体不出现C带阳性区,整个被浅染;Y染色体为半深染,着色程度介于常染色体着丝粒部位深染区与长臂及X染色体浅染区之间。C-带分布的部位虽然相似,但其形状和大小具有多态性。 采用聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分别对延边黄牛和利延杂交牛血液中的血红蛋白(Hb)、白蛋白(Alb)和转铁蛋白(Tf)三个蛋白位点进行了测定,结果表明:延边黄牛和利延杂交牛的Hb、Alb和Tf三个蛋白位点均存在多态性。Hb是由两个共显性等位基因A和B控制,其基因型分别为AA和AB;Alb是由常染色体同一个基因座位上的两个共显性等位基因A和B控制,有AA、AB和BB三种基因型;控制Tf的基因有A、D和E,其基因型为AA、AD、AE、DE和EE。更多还原

【Abstract】 Cytogenetics and blood protein polymorphism in Yanbian yellow cattle and Liyan hybrid cattle were studied in this paper. It was to provide basic data of cytogenetics for origin,evolution and gene location of Yanbian yellow cattle by karyotype and banding.Blood protein polymorphism is an effective measure to evaluate genetic diversity of Yanbian yellow cattle,genetic variation in strains and genetic relations between Yanbian yellow cattle and Liyan hybrid cattle.At the same time,this study will provide extensive theoretic bases to protect Yanbian yellow cattle genetic resourses.The karyotype and C-banding of Yanbian yellow cattle (10♀, 10 ♂) and Liyan hybrid cattle(14♀, 15♂) were studied with peripheral blood lymphocyte culture. The results showed as follows: The diploid chromosome number of Yanbian yellow cattle and Liyan hybrid cattle were 2n=60,the karyotype of bulls was 2n=60,XY,while cows were 2n=60,XX. 29 pairs of autosomes were telocentric. X chromosome was a large submetacentric chromosome. Y chromosome was a small metacentric chromosome.The relative length of chromosome was measured by AutoCAD software. The relative length of autosomes ranged from 1.545% to 4.921% in Yanbian yellow cattle and from 1.637% to 5.855% in Liyan hybrid cattle. The relative length of X chromosome in Yanbian yellow cattle was 5.001% and 5.640% in Liyan hybrid cattle. The relative length of Y chromosome in Yanbian yellow cattle was 1.928% and 2.045% in Liyan hybrid cattle. There was a significant difference between Yanbian yellow cattle and Liyan hybrid cattle in the relative length of chromosome, centric index and arm ratio (p<0.05) .It was similar in C-banding in Yanbian yellow cattle to that in Liyan hybrid cattle. All the centric positions of autosomes were dyed dark in both Yanbian yellow cattle and Liyan hybrid cattle and the arms were light. The whole X chromosome were dyed light. Y chromosome partly dyed, ranging from dark to light. Although the dyed positions of C-banding were similar, the shape and size of them were polymorphism.Three protein loci, including hemoglobin (Hb) , albumin (Alb) and transferrin (Tf) were analyzed with plate polyacrylamide gels electrophoresis (PAGE) in Yanbian yellow cattle and Liyan hybrid cattle. The results showed that three protein loci were polymorphism. There were 2 genotypes at Hb loci, namely AA and AB, which were controlled by 2 autosomal codominant alleles, A and B; 3 genotypes at Alb loci, namely AA , AB and BB, controlled by 2 autosomal codominant alleles;5 genotypes at Tf loci, namely AA, AD, AE, DE and EE, controlled by 3 autosomal codominant alleles, A, D and E.Genotype frequencies and gene frequencies between the two cattle populations were calculated by Statistical Product and Service Solutions. As a result, The genotype frequencies of AA at both Hb and Alb loci and DD at Tf loci were the highest. HbA, AlbA and TfD were the predominant alleles.According to the analysis of genetic variation, the gene homogeneity index, average heterozygosity, number of effective allele were 0.4048, 0.3425, 1.5209 in Yanbian yellow cattle and 0.2952, 0.3975,1.6597 in Liyan hybrid cattle.On the base of genetic distance and cluster analysis, the relationship between Yanbian yellow cattle and Liyan hybrid cattle is the nearest. Yanbian yellow cattle and Liyan hybrid cattle were classified into the population of Northern cattle. The range of the genetic distance between local cattle breeds was larger, but the distance between populations in the same area was smaller.更多还原