【作者】 李蓉；

【导师】 王国敏；

【作者基本信息】 四川大学 ， 马克思主义理论与思想政治教育， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 当前中国的“三农问题”难就难在农民,而农民问题,就是就业和收入的问题。要使农民转变为市民,增加农民收入,农村劳动力的流动就业正是实现这一目标的第一步,也是最关键的一步。邓小平曾说:“中国经济能不能发展,首先要看农村能不能发展,农民生活是不是好起来。”“农民没有摆脱贫困,就是我国没有摆脱贫困”。可见,农村劳动力流动就业是转移我国农村剩余劳动力的重大举措,它不仅仅是一个经济问题,也是政治问题、社会问题;关系到工农关系、城乡关系,关系到农村社会进步,更关系到全面建设小康社会目标的顺利实现。 农村劳动力流动就业是指农村转移的剩余劳动力在农业与非农产业之间、城市与乡村之间和农村区域之间,做循环式的就业状态。由于我国的国情、农情,决定了我国的农村劳动力流动无法遵循国际上劳动力转移的一般规律,使流动和定居相结合起来,而呈现出中国劳动力转移过程中特有的钟摆式、候鸟式的流动就业特征;第五次人口普查,农村转移劳动力在二、三产业从业人员的比重高达46.5%,其中在第二产业的建筑行业中就占到了80%,绝大部分处于流动不定的就业状态。这些流动的农村劳动力随农业季节、经济周期、甚至政策周期而摆动式地就业,使得劳动力既有流出又有回流(返乡)。 农村劳动力流动就业是我国二十一世纪初经济转型期产生的一种特殊现象。农村劳动力的就业结构滞后于产业结构,城市化的发展迟缓,是导致农村劳动力流动就业产生的结构性根源;户籍制度、就业制度的歧视,是导致农村劳动力流动就业产生的体制性根源;农村劳动力的传统家庭观念,是导致农村劳动力流动就业产生的社会性根源。因此,农村劳动力流动就业问题研究,需要多视角、多因素的方法去探讨,需要置于国家宏观经济大背景中去研究。更多还原

【Abstract】 At present, the difficulty of the problems of sannong wenti, the countryside and the farmer in China lies in the problem of the farmer, and which in fact is the problem of the employment of the farmer. In order to change the farmer into the citizen and increase their income, the mobility and employment of the labor force in the countryside is just the first and crucial step to realize this goal. Deng Xiaoping once said, "Whether the economy in China can develop, it should first see that whether the countryside can develop and the living standard of the farmer can improve." "If the farmer does not get rid of poverty, it no doubt shows that the whole country does not get rid of poverty." So the mobility and employment of the labor force in the countryside is an important act to transfer the surplus rural labor force. It is not only the problem of the economy, but the politics and the society, which is of vital importance to the relations between the work and the farmer, town and country, the progress of the rural society and what’s more the realization of building the well—off society in China.In this paper, the mobility and employment of the labor force in the countryside means the surplus rural labor force is in a certain condition of circulation between agriculture and non-agriculture, town and country, and regions within the countryside itself. Because of the special national situation, it can not follow the general rule of the transference of the labor force that combines moving with dwelling. Based on the data of the Fifth Population Census in 2000, the proportionof workers in the secondary and the tertiary industry from the rural surplus labor force is 46.5%, and among them the number in the building industry is 80%. Influenced by the seasons, the economic cycle, even the policy cycle, most of them are in a unstable condition of employment just like the pendulum of a clock, some time have jobs in urban areas and some time come back to the countryside.The mobility and employment of the labor force in the countryside is a special phenomenon in China during transition in the 21 century. The employment structure of the rural labor force lagging behind the industrial structure and the sluggish growth of urbanization are its structural cause; the unfairness of the census register and employment are its systematic cause; the traditional family concept of rural labor force is its social cause. So to study this problem, we must have an over—all view and consider all kinds of reasons as possible under our real national situation.The main points of this paper are: (1) broadening our new vision of employment for rural labor force guided by the idea of scientific development; (2) getting rid of the traditional idea of "agriculture is agriculture" and building an united labor market for all; (3) the different systems of census register between the city and the countryside is the systematic cause for this phenomenon, which also is the main line of the paper, so rejecting the social and economic differences associated with it and changing the management of census register from status to society; (4) industries are the presupposition for the mobility and employment of the labor force in the countryside, so a rational system of division of labor must be built up. In urban areas, labor—intensive industry should be expanded and in rural areas, agriculture integration should be developed; (5) combining regular employment with irregular employment in the countryside which is the main form for rural labor force at present; (6) the key for human resources changing into human capital is to develop a pluralistic vocational education model for the farmer, helping them to learn some knowledge and skills; (7) exploring various channels for rural labor force; (8) policy of employment for rural labor force having been change from restriction to encouragement, discrimination to fairness, partiality for the urban to balance town and country.The solution of the problem of the rural labor force needs a new system which mainly includes new ideas for our structure, industry, urbanization, employment and education—model. ?New idea for the structure lies in the reformation our binary social phenomenon, getting rid of the different systems of the census register so as to build an untied one. ?New idea for the industry lies in constructing a structure of production incompatible with the structure of employment, which needs to develop service sector and some medium or small enterprises. ?New idea for the urbanization lies in advancing a pluralistic development strategy for the city, developing big, medium and small city in a balanced way. (4)New idea for the employment lies in studying new forms for irregular employment of rural labor force by regulating irregular employment labor market with law. ?New idea for the education—model lies in developing a pluralistic vocational education model for the farmer.In short, the big scale of the mobility and employment of the rural labor force at present is the sigh that accelerates industrialization, urbanization and modernization. It means the structures of the economy and the society must be changed, so helping the farmer fast turn themselves into citizen and constructing a harmonious society is a new and urgent task for us all.更多还原