【作者】 石新影；

【导师】 李修松；

【作者基本信息】 安徽大学 ， 专门史， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 中国是世界四大文明古国中唯一一个文明延续不绝的国度,研究这一文明形态的起源与形成的特征无疑具有世界意义。而礼制文明是中华文明最为显著的特征,礼器是礼制文明的物质载体。礼器之中,玉礼器是最重要、最具代表性的。就器物而言,玉器在中华文明、特别是礼制文明的起源和形成过程中地位最为重要:就礼器而言,三代文明、特别是三代礼制文明中,玉礼器的地位也与青铜礼器各有侧重。为阐述上述观点,本文在广泛搜集文献及考古资料的基础上,从三个方面展开论述:一、玉器是中华文明形成初期“三代”礼制文明重要的物质载体。分别从这个时期吉、凶、宾、军、嘉五礼,分析玉器在礼制文明中的独特地位和重要作用。二、从玉器的发生和演变看中华文明的起源及其形成过程,认为:玉器的产生及其演变与中华文明的起源及其形成过程是一致的。早期玉器(距今8200—6000年)都具有实用器的特点,且数量少,种类单一,形体小,玉质较差。但是由于珍贵、稀少、难琢、神秘等特点,早期玉器便主要为氏族上层、巫师、武士等所拥有,从一开始就带有明显的原始精神文明的因子。到了新石器时代晚期(距今5500—4000年),玉器制作出现了繁盛的局面,以东北红山文化、东南的良渚文化和安徽凌家滩遗址等为代表。这一时期玉器种类繁多,器形变大,同时出现精美神秘的纹饰,玉质优良,制作水平高超。玉器的形制、纹饰和质地的演变表明玉器的功能也不再单纯作为实用器,而是越来越多地用于宗教乃至礼仪场合,逐步向玉礼器转变。三、玉器与中华文明形成之部分要素分析。通过考察玉器与生产力的发展、玉器与贫富分化、玉器与文字、玉器与原始宗教等的关系可以看出,玉礼器形成的过程也是中华文明要素逐步孕育和发展的过程,玉器在中华文明起源和形成的过程中占有十分重要的地位。我们完全可以玉器和玉文化为特别要素,来研究中华文明的起源及其形成;完全可以玉礼器的整体形成来判定礼制文明乃至中华文明的形成。更多还原

【Abstract】 China is the unique one whose civilization is continuous in the four ancient civilized countries. Undoubtedly, to study the origin of its form and the character of its formation is of world-wide significance. Ceremony civilization is the most distinctive feature of Chinese civilization and ceremonial utensils are the substantial carrier of ceremony civilization. Jade article is the most important and typical of the ceremonial utensils. For utensils, jade article is the most important in the origin and in the process of the formation of ceremony civilization. For ceremonial utensils, in the civilization of the three-dynasties, especially in the ceremony civilization of this period, ceremonial jade article and bronze utensil lay particular emphasis on their status differently.In order to interpret the above-mentioned views, based on the widely collected documents and archeological data, this thesis set off the discussion in the following three aspects. First, jade article was important substantial carrier in the early period of the formation of Chinese civilization. According to the five ceremonies— auspicious, inauspicious, fine, guest, military, —we analyze the jade articles’ distinctive status and important effect in the ceremony civilization. Second, according to the occurrence and evolution of the jade articles, to seek the origin and formation process of Chinese civilization, we may draw a conclusion that the occurrence and evolution of the jade articles was consistent with the origin and formation process of Chinese civilization. The early jade articles (ca.8200-6000 years ago) all possessed the feature of practical implements. The number was small, the kind was single, the shape was small and the quality of jade was rather bad. But because they were rare, precious, hard to carve, mysterious, they were mainly owed by the higher stratum of a clan, witches or warriors. They had obvious primitive mental civilization genes from the very beginning. As for the late period of Neolithic age(ca.5500-4000 years ago),the manufacture of jade articles appeared a prosperous prospect, Hongshan 红山 culture in the eastnorth of China, Liangzhu 良渚 culture in the eastsouth of China andLingjiatan 凌家滩 site of Anhui province are the representatives. In this period, the kinds of jade articles were various, the shapes got larger than before, the veins appeared to be mysterious and exquisite, the quality was quite fine, and the technical level of manufacture was rather excellent. The evolution of the shapes, veins and the quality of jade articles show that the function was not just confined to practical implements, but they were more and more being used in religious and ritual situations, and gradually changed to ceremonial jade articles. Third, we try to analyze the connection of jade articles and some continents of the formation of Chinese civilization. Through the investigation of the different relations of jade articles with the development of productive forces, break-up of the poor and the rich, Chinese characters, primitive religion and so on, we may see that the formation process of jade article was also the gradually breeding and development process of the continents of Chinese civilization. We absolutely may study the origin and formation of Chinese civilization with the jade article and jade culture as the special continents, and judge the formation of ceremony civilization and even Chinese civilization based on the entire formation of ceremonial jade articles.更多还原