【作者】 雷玉明；

【导师】 杨家荣； 刘贤德；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农业推广， 2004， 硕士

【摘要】 茄子是我国北方地区日光温室的主要栽培品种之一,但是由于土传病害的危害,严重制约了日光温室蔬菜的生产。生产上多采用改进栽培技术、采用嫁接技术、选育抗病品种和药剂等防治难度较大,为解决该问题。本试验以茄子黄萎病(V.dahliae)作为保护地土传病害的代表,首次应用土壤日光辐射处理方法,对保护地土壤进行处理,经室内保护地土壤茄黄萎病菌的病原分离、致病性测定、生物学测定以及田间采用不同日光辐射处理,研究对茄子黄萎病的防治效果。结果表明:(1) 棉花黄萎病菌选择性培养基和棉花黄萎病菌检测分离技术成功应用于茄子黄萎病菌的分离。水筛法较稀释法可大幅度提高土壤茄子黄病菌的分离检测能力,增加幅度4.6～9.6%。首次明确了引起河西走廊乃至甘肃省茄子黄萎病的病菌为大丽轮枝菌(V.dahliae),无茄子黑白轮枝菌(V.albo-atrum)的危害与分布。茄子黄萎病菌在保护地的分布规律与大田规律相似,水平分布呈聚集分布,垂直分布依土层深度的增加,微菌核数依次减少。病菌主要分布于10～20cm耕作层的范围内,0cm、40cm处病菌数量较少。病害在温室的空间分布与病菌空间分布有一定的相关性。(2) 单、双膜覆盖处理,对地温的影响较为明显,一般变化幅度在13.5～18.15℃,双膜覆盖较单膜覆盖提高0～10cm地温1.15～2.25℃。在20～40cm处单双膜覆盖地温变化不明显。土壤含水量在0～40cm处的含水量呈递减趋势,土壤容重明显降低,土壤的孔隙度增加,碱解N、速效P的含量呈增加趋势。10～20cm的保护地土壤盐分含量降低,30～40cm变化不明显。PH值在表层0～20cm的范围内降低0.78,30～40cm无变化。(3) 日光辐射处理,保护地土壤微生物的种群数量和组成发生了明显的变化。随土层深度的增加,微生物总数和组成逐渐减少,真菌的变化最明显,其次为细菌,而放线菌则随土层加深,数量有递增的趋势。随土层深度的增加,杀菌效果呈降低趋势,真菌的杀菌效果最显著,其次为细菌,放线菌杀菌效果较差。在10～20cm处的杀菌效果明显高于30～40cm处。单膜覆盖+药药剂处理法的变化最显著。(4) 日光辐射处理前后,对保护地茄子黄萎病菌微菌核的存活有明显的影响。、单膜覆盖+药剂处理较单膜覆盖影响明显,随处理时间的延长,一般耕作层的杀菌效果明显。随土层深度的增加,杀菌效果减弱。(5).日光辐射处理,茄子植株的生长势增强,果实增大,结果数增多,产量增幅高,茄子黄萎病病株率、病情指数相当低。对其它土传病害具有明显的防效。第二茬对黄萎病等土传病害仍有明显的防治效果。更多还原

【Abstract】 Eggplant is one of the main cultivation species in glasshouse of Northern region of our country .However, soil -borne diseases harmed seriously to the production of vegitable in the glasshouse.In the last,people often adapted some general methods,such as improving cultivated methods、 engraft、 selecting resistant species、 chemical controlling and so on, but those methods had many disadvantages.Therefore,in this paper,the method of soil solarization treatment was first used to control soil disease in the protective cultivation for solving above questions.The eggplant disease that was standing for other all soil diseases was studied by isolating pathogen.Testing pathogenicity> testing biological charactaries in the room and efficaly of the different soil solarization treatments in the field.The results were as follows:(l).The selected media and methods that were used to isolate pathogen of cotton Verticillium Wilt were used sacceifully to isolate that of eggplant Verticillium Wilt,and soil wet-sieving could increase the number of pathogen more 4.6~9.6% than soil dilution method. It was first showed that the pathogen of eggplant Verticillium Wilt in Hexi even Gansu privential was V. dahlae, but not V. albo-atrum. Also, the distribution of V dahlae in the protective cultivation and in the field was similar. The level distribution was aggregated distribution. But in the perpendicular,as the depthe of soil layer added, sclerotium reduced. Pathogen distribute mainly the farming layer from 10cm to 20cm. And the spatial distribution of diseases in the greenhouse was related closely to the spatial distribution of pathogen.(2).The film-covered treament affect sharply on the tempreture of soil. The range of tempreture was from 13.5℃ to 18.15℃. And the single film could increase more 1.15~ 1.25℃ than double film from 0cm to 10cm,from 20cm to 40cm,not only single film but aslo double film hardy changed the tempreture of soil. In addition,as the depth of soil layer from 0cm to 40cm increased, the water of soil and soil bulk density decreased significantly , but soil porosity 、 alkali hydrolysis nitrogen and the available phosphorus were increased trend. Salt of soil in the protective cultivation reduced from 10cm to 20cm, but it varied unsignficantly from 30cm to 40cm. PH of surface layer from 0cm to 20cm reduced 0.78,and it didn t change from 30cm to 40cm.(3)With soil solarzation treatment the species and number of soil microorganism in the protective cultivation changed signficantly. Following the depth of soil increased,the number and category of microoganism decreased slowly. And the fungi changed more signficant thanbecteria ,but the actinomycetes was gradually increased trend. Futhermore,as the depth of soil layer added ,the efficacy decreased gradually. The fungi was better than becteria,and the actinomycetes was bad. The efficacey of the single flim covered and medicine treatment was the best.(4) The soil solarization treatment affected obviously on the sclerotium of eggplant Verticillium Wilt in the protective cultivation. The effection of single film covered treatment was the best. The day longer,the efficacy better in the fanning layer. But as the depth added the efficacy was lower.(5)With the soil solarization treatment, eggplant had better growing power ^ bigger and more fruiu lower disease incidence and index. Also,this method was good to other soil -borne disease. And the efficacy was still better next year.更多还原