【作者】 彭文文；

【导师】 王惠；

【作者基本信息】 西北农林科技大学 ， 农药学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 灰葡萄孢(Botrytis cinerea)是一种寄主范围很广的植物病原菌,其代谢产物--真菌毒素对寄主植物的致毒活性[81]报道较多。近年来研究发现,许多植物病原菌分泌的毒素还有杀草、杀菌等活性[82-84],有些的活性物质已经开发成农药。灰葡萄孢代谢产物的种类很多[85],目前尚未见开发利用的报道。从开发利用真菌资源,创制环境和谐农药的目的出发,本研究选用灰葡萄孢BC4 真菌为目标,测定了其培养滤液的生物活性和对小麦、玉米、棉花的安全性;优化了其除草活性成分的培养条件,并研究了旋转浓缩过程对其除草活性成分的影响。1.分别用生长素率法和抑菌圈法测定培养滤液对部分植物病原菌和细菌的抑菌活性, 用浸渍法测定其杀虫活性, 以杂草种子萌发和幼苗受阻为指标测定其除草活性。结果表明稀释3倍的灰葡萄孢培养滤液对小麦纹枯病菌、小麦根腐病菌和小麦赤霉病菌的抑制率分别为66.2% 、61.6% 、56.4%;对黄瓜角斑病菌、马铃薯环腐病菌和白菜软腐烂病菌的抑菌圈直径分别为1mm、6mm 、9mm;稀释20倍的培养滤液对杂草种子萌发有明显的抑制作用;在出苗3d后的供试植物叶面上喷施原液,24h对反枝苋和牵牛花等双子叶杂草幼苗毒杀活性达100%, 而对禾本科杂草的作物影响很小;培养滤液对黏虫、小菜蛾和菜青虫的杀伤活性很小。表明灰葡萄孢培养滤液中含有除草和抑菌活性成分。2.　以培养滤液对种子幼根幼芽生长的抑制率为指标,测定培养滤液对小麦、玉米、棉花种子发芽的安全性;以叶面喷施后测定幼苗高度抑制率的方法,探讨培养滤液对作物幼苗生长的安全性;以收获时作物的株高、颗粒数、千粒重及穗重等为指标,测定培养滤液对小麦、玉米产量的影响。结果表明,稀释20倍的培养滤液对小麦和玉米种子萌发均有抑制作用,但对幼苗生长几乎无影响;将培养滤液浓缩12倍,在小麦和玉米一芯一叶期叶面喷施,收获前小麦和玉米的结穗大小和籽粒饱满程度与对照没有明显差异。表明灰葡萄孢培养滤液可以作为小麦和玉米的庙后除草剂开发利用。3. 以灰葡萄孢培养滤液对反枝苋种子根芽生长的抑制率作为活性指标,测定了培养滤液的除草活性,探索了不同碳源和培养条件对培养滤液除草活性的影响。结果表明,蔗糖+葡萄糖(质量比3:2)是较好的碳源组成;光照条件和温度是灰葡萄孢培养滤液除草活性的主效因素,在25℃和避光条件下培养得到的培养滤液活性最高;在250mL 培养液中添加2g 乙酸钠可使培养滤液除草活性达到91.2%。4. 用旋转浓缩法浓缩灰葡萄孢代谢产物的培养滤液,以试样对反枝苋种子发芽的校正抑制率为活性指标测定蒸出液和浓缩液的除草活性,同时测定蒸出液的紫外吸收曲线。结果发现,浓缩至原体积一半时的蒸出液和浓缩至干后的蒸出液均表现出生更多还原

【Abstract】 Botrytis cinerea is one of the most geographically widespread plant pathogen. In order to exploit its bioactive compounds and develop environment acceptable pesticide, Botrytis cinerea has been used in this research. Study on optimize of culsture condition of herbicidal activity metabolites abotrytis cinerea culture filtrate, study on the effect of rotary evaporator to herbicidal compounds in the metabolites of Botrytis cinerea and safety of the culture filtrate of botrytis cinerea to wheat,corn and cotton 1. Bioassay results show that BC4 isolate and its fungus-free culture filtrate both have a signifitacant fungitatic to Rizoctonia cereali, Cochlioblus and Gibberella zeae ,the inhibition percent to three fungi was above 56%. Culture filtrate also has an antibacterial property to Erwinia carotovoa and Clavibacter michiganensis ssp.sepedonicus. The herbicidal effect of culture filtrate is remarkable, all kinds tested were extremely restrained by the culture filtrate in seed germination period. To seeding stage, the Amaranthus retroflerus L. and other dicotyledonous weeds were strongly hurt when the culture filtrate was sprayed on them, but wheat and corn tesed has not been affected when same amount of it used. Thus, the culture filtrate may contain some herbicidal components and fungitatic components. 2. Safety of the culture filtrate to wheat,corn and cotton has been bioassayed. The result shows that the 20 times-diluted culture filtrate may also restrain seed germination of wheat and corn. However, It has no effect to seeding, and even 12 times concentrated culture filtrate has no any reduction on their yields. Thus, the culture filtrate may be used directly (or use its effective components) as a herbicide to inhibit the dicotyledonous weeds in wheat and corn fields. 3. The control ratio of Botrytis cinerea culture filtrate for growth of amaranthus retroflerus l root and sprout as active index,assayed culture filtrate herbicidal activity,studied the effects of culture condition on culture filtrate herbicidal activity. Results of the chosen from carben resourse,Na salt,beam,Ph,temperature show that herbicidal activity of botrytis cinerea culture filtrate reachs by 91.2% on 25℃,dark,suc/glu=3:2,and adding 2g/250ml acetate Na. 4. The culture filtrate of Botrytis cinerea, which contain herbicidal active compounds, was concentrated with rotary evaporator, the distillated liquid and the residue were bioassayed and analyzed with UV spectrometer. The bioassay result shows that the distillated liquid posses herbicidal activity and the activity of the concentrate is decreased during concentration. As far as the inhibition rate to the sprout and root of the Amaranthus retroflerus L., the activity of the first half distillate is (up to 90.4%) higher than the rest half. UV spectrum shows that there are some compounds which posses a maximum absorbent in 232nm in the first half distillate, and there are some other compounds in the later distillate. Also the activity is increased as the absorbent of the distillate. Thus, there is at least one herbicidal active compound was lost during the solvent evaporation when rotary evaporator was used.更多还原