【作者】 王庆宏；

【导师】 蒋团标；

【作者基本信息】 广西师范大学 ， 国民经济学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 政府采购制度改革作为我国公共财政改革的重要组成部分,引入我国从试点到推广实施仅有十年的时间,却取得了巨大的进展,尤其是《政府采购法》的颁布实施对我国政府采购的规范运作及影响扩大有很大的推动作用。但我们更应该清醒地认识到在取得巨大进展的同时,暴露出的问题也一样引人注目,具体表现为政府采购过程中出现的各种操作性问题和政府采购制度推进的障碍。这些问题本质上可归纳为两方面,即内在因素,这是事前性的,偏重于制度性、体制性等根本问题;外在因素,这是管理操作层面的因素。从实践来看,这些问题已严重影响到政府采购制度作用的发挥,扭曲了人们对政府采购制度的认识,使得它自身的进一步发展也存在着不小的阻力,这就直接影响到公共支出改革的推进,不利于我国经济社会的持续、稳定、健康的发展。政府采购的繁荣表象容易使人迷惑,但我们更需要理性的政府采购,依靠国家行政力量推动的政府采购制度可能蕴含着更大的危机。为什么在发达市场经济国家运作成熟的政府采购制度引入我国,会有这么多的问题?这主要是因为我们的市场体制尚不是真正“有效”的,我们处在转型时期,我们社会的经济环境、意识环境、技术环境以至人们的行为模式处在持续的变动之中。对经济政策变迁的研究应在历史考察的基础上进行,中国转轨经济条件下的制度变迁更应如此。政府采购制度作为财政体制改革的重要一环,有着它深刻的历史特征。在计划经济体制条件下,我国财政支出的特点集中表现在一个“统”字,而政府购买的特点是分散。它把大量的政府购买资金分散到各部门、各单位,这样的模式在向市场经济转轨过程中弊端很明显,效益低下,带来了巨大的“财政压力”,有碍于政府宏观调控管理水平的提高,也不能顺应社会主义市场经济体制的要求。财政支出迫于社会主义市场经济体制的逐步完善带来的压力,不得不进行改革。而政府采购制度是一种制度化、规范化的能够低成本、高效率运行的也能使监督落到实处的政府购买机制。我国市场经济发展已初具规模,借鉴西方发达国家政府采购制度的成功经验与我国实际相结合加以运用是很自然的。改革势必影响到既定的利益格局,会撼动相当数量人的利益基础,会改变行政人员的工作方式,会影响人们的行为方式,它们必然会形成政府采购制度改革进展的一股反向力。这就致使改革更倾向于渐进地发生,但公共支出的压力要求政府采购制度的尽快实施,这样,冲突是难免的。另外,政府采购制度与部门预算制度、国库直接收付制度是互相依赖的、联成一体的,每一项的成功实施都有赖于另两项制度的完善。因此与政府采购制度相关的依存更多还原

【Abstract】 The reform of government procurement institution is an important part of the process of establishing the public finance system. It has been introduced into China for almost 10 years, and it obtains with most people, especially after the ordination of “the law of government procurement”. But we still need to take notice of the other side of the fact, there are two important issues, the first is the obstacle of the reforming process in the field of public finance system; and the second is the kinds of problems occurred in the process of government procurement. It can be essentially reduced to two factors, one is internal factor, it has great pertinence with the economic system; and the other is exterior factor, it’s about the operation of the government procurement. From the economic and social affairs, we know that these two disadvantage factors has done great resistance to the development of the government procurement .It went against the restructuring of the socialist market economic system. It is necessary for us to cognizant of the rational government procurement. The burning question is why it has so many obstacles in the adoption of the government procurement institution? We think that the most important reason is that the market economic system of China is not effective. We are still in the period of market-oriented reform, and the framework of the socialist market economy has not arrival at a higher level .We are all convinced of the alteration about the economic circumstance, the consciousness and the transitional of technique. The best bet is to consider retrospectively of the process of reform in China to get the actual solution of the question. Till the end of 1990s, we kept on adopting the traditional practice for managing the expenditure business as that under the planned economy on a whole, so, the reform of expenditure management is far behind the revenue management. At the same time, we gradually establish and improve the socialist market economy, and the traditional operating mode of finance expenditure grows to be increasingly incompatible with the new government roles under the market economy. On the other side, it constrains the effective operation and development of the market economy, which in the end leaves the entire financial circle into an awkward situation which could be avoided .The fact is that the financial pressure occurs and remains, even in some place, the shortage problem sharpens with the financial situation worsened . So we need to have the reform to the management system of financial expenditure in an all-round way according to the specific requirements of the market –based public finance. The reform of government procurement is a sticking point. We know from the research of public policy that the agenda-building or the transition of the institution is necessarily have the bad effect on some people’s acquirement of interests. And it will change the working habit of the bureaucracy. All these changes are the disadvantage factors to the reform. It will result in the institutional constraints. On the other hand, the departmental budget and the treasury management system have logical and natural association with the government procurement institution. But the traditional system of departmental budget still exits many defects and there are so many difficulties confronting the reform program of departmental budgets. Though there exists strong necessity to establish a new treasury management system, but the fact is that it faces too many obstacles. Further more, the public policy will never automatic implementing. In some sense, the implement of policy is more complicated than the enact of a new policy. Actually, there usually exists policy-implementation –hindrance (PIH ). The research on public policy has arrived at the conclusion that the PIH exists in terms of cognitive deficiencies, of identity barriers and of behavioral modes. As to government procurement reform, it has the essential process to reach the aim of realization such as cognitive, identity and implement. So, we have come to the conclusion that there exits the inevitability and possibility of the obstacle in the process of government procurement. And we need to remedy the obstacle in a creative way, firstly, we must strengthening the construction of relevant institution, we can move to the way of improving the scientific and democratic policy-making system, to the way of bettering the systems for allocating administrative functions and powers, to the way of strengthening the supervision mechanism for the activities of policy implementation, and to the way of enlarging the investment of capital on implementing subject’s ideologies. Secondly, we must optimizing the behaviors of implementing subjects, it consist of improving policy cognition, promoting policy identity and bettering implementing modes.更多还原