拷问生死：哲学视阈中的生存意蕴

【作者】 丁建波；

【导师】 郑永扣；

【作者基本信息】 郑州大学 ， 马克思主义哲学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 一个回避死亡问题的人,永远不会真正地成熟;一个不能面对死亡问题的民族,也永远不能深刻,自然地就无法真正解决生存的问题。现代人生活在严重的矛盾冲突之中,有限的生命与无限的欲望、永葆生命的渴望与“人必有死”的宿命、生存的界限性与人试图把握无限的原始冲动之间的矛盾蕴含在每一个人的生活之中,构成了人生存的困境。人们需要自问:该怎样破解人类日趋普遍的焦虑感?该如何确定人的价值?又该怎样舒缓人与环境、人与人、人与自身的紧张关系?一句话,人应当怎样生存?思考并解决这一生存困境是理论工作者必须承担起来的时代重任。 动物永远只是本能地生活,被动地接受自然环境的选择,而人则通过反思来反抗死亡,自觉地改变环境,创造文化,从自然人转变为文化人,从一般生命上升到超越生命的生命。生死作为一个现象,反映了人对自身生命质量的关注;生死作为一种问题,反映了人对自身生存本质的思考。 生死观是以生死现象与生死问题为对象和内容的概念体系,可以区分为世俗的生死观、学科的生死观、宗教的生死观和哲学的生死观。世俗的生死观实际上应当是“生生观”,因为在生死问题上,它更重视生的问题,忽略甚至压抑死的问题。与之相反,宗教的生死观则倾向于终极关怀,对死的问题的关注往往超过对生的问题的关注。哲学的生死观把“生”“死”看作是一个整体,“生”离不开“死”,“死”也离不开“生”,要“以生观死”,还要“以死观生”。 马克思主义的主要奠基者马克思及其继承人站在无产阶级的革命立场上,以“现实的人”为基本出发点,以辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义为理论基础,对人类的个体、群体和类的生死进行了全面的考察,提出了富有科学性、革命性和实践性的马克思主义生死观。马克思主义生死观是当今时代唯一比较全面、深刻和准确地反映了我们时代精神的生死观,为无产阶级解放自己和全人类的革命运动指明了方向。 面对新的社会历史发展进程,马克思主义生死观也需要有新的内容,建构现阶段科学的生死观是我们必须解决的时代课题。更多还原

【Abstract】 A person, who gets around to the problem of death, can never be truly mature; a nationality that can’t face the problem of death can never be deep going, so as not to solve the problem of existence entirely. The modern people live a life in the serious and self-contradict conflicts, the conflicts which contain in every person’s life of the limited life and the infinite desire, the aspiration of keeping life forever and the predestination of "men die necessarily", the survival boundary and the human’s primitive impulse of attempting to grasp the infinite, constituted the difficult position which the Human being survives. People need ask themselves: How should Human break through the mankind’s gradually widespread anxiety? How to make sure the Human’s value, and how to relieve the tense relations between people to environment, person to person, and person to himself? To summary, how should Human exist? Pondering and solving this predicament is the epochal tasks on which the theoretical workers should take.Animals just live by instinct, accepting the choice of the natural environment passively, but Human then resists to die by introspecting, changing the environment consciously, creating the culture, turning the natural Human to the cultural one, making the general life go up to be the life which surpass the natural one. As a phenomenon, life-and-death reflects the person’s concern to the quality of its own life; as a kind of problem, life-and-death reflects the person’s thinking of the nature of the existence of Human being itself.The life-and-death view is a system of concept which object and contents are the phenomena and problems of life-and-death, which can be classified into common view of life-and-death, subject view of life-and-death, religious view of life-and-death and philosophical view of life-and-death. The common view of life- and-death should be "the view of living" actually, because on a matter of life and death, it attaches more importance to the problem of living, neglects or even suppresses the problem of death. On the contrary, the religious view of life-and-death then inclines toward the ultimate concern, usually exceeding the concern to the problem of living. The philosophical view of life-and-death regards "life" and "death" as a whole that "life" can not gets away from "death", and vice versa. So we should "examine life with death" as well as "examine death with life".Marx, the founder of Marxism, and his inheritors stood in proletariat’s revolutionary standpoint, took "the real person" as the basic point of departure, with dialecticalmaterialism and historical materialism for the theories’ foundation, carried on the overall investigation to the individuals’, communities’ and the species’ life and death, put forward the scientific, revolutionary and practical Marxism view of life-and-death. Nowadays, Marxism view of life-and-death is the unique one which has reflected our epochal spirit comprehensively, profoundly and accurately and indicated the direction for the proletariat and universe revolutionary movement.Facing the new social historical development, the Marxism view of life-and-death also needs to have the new contents. Constructing the scientific and present view of life-and-death is the epochal topic that we must solve.更多还原