【作者】 罗朝晖；

【导师】 赵士国；

【作者基本信息】 湖南师范大学 ， 世界历史， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 文艺复兴时期,意大利上自君主、教皇,下至平民百姓,都具有了与中世纪人的不同特点。教皇世俗化,君主摆脱了中世纪的社会等级观念,众多“巨人”、“完人”不断涌现,底层人民也得到了较大的发展。因此,文艺复兴时期意大利人得到了普遍的发展。 文艺复兴时期意大利人的普遍发展,主要的原因是新经济因素的出现。对外贸易的可选择性,使意大利人在这段时期里能得到较充足的粮食、原材料供应,从而摆脱了对土地的严重依赖。新经济因素的出现,也使意大利人摆脱了对封建贵族的严重依赖,农奴摆脱了身份限制,有了按自己意愿发展的自由。新经济因素改造了意大利人的思想观念,意大利人成了具有自由、平等、竞争观念的新人。 文艺复兴时期意大利人的普遍发展,第二个原因是,人文主义者对基督教和封建神学的抨击,推动了意大利人思想的解放。第三个原因是市民阶级及下层人民争取政治权利和经济权利的斗争。第四个原因是城市建设了较好的法制环境。 文艺复兴时期意大利人的普遍发展,还由于教育的发展及人文主义教育理念的推动。文艺复兴时期意大利有职业教育,也有通才教育。人文主义者以塑造社会的人为目标,提出了“身心既美且善”的教育理念。 文艺复兴时期意大利人的发展局限在于享乐主义盛行,道德堕落,个人主义极端化,迷信盛行。更多还原

【Abstract】 The Italian in the Renaissance , ranged from monarch and pope to civilian, was differently characterized as the medieval people. The pope was secularized; the monarch broke away from the hierarchical concept in medieval society; numerous great man and phoenix appeared; the low class was greatly developed. Therefore the people in medieval age were generally improved.Being the selectivity of the foreign trade, the Italian could get ample food and providence to shake off the dependence on land. The main cause that the Italian generally improved was the appearance of the new economy factor, which enabled the Italian to break away from relying on feudal aristocrat and the restriction of the serf and do as their wiliness, and which reconstructed their idea to become the new person with freedom, equality and competition.Another reason that the Italian universally progressed was the attack to feudal divinity from the humanist, with which promoted liberation of the Italian’s idea. The third reason was that the civilian and the low class people stroke for the politic and economic rights. The forth reason was the better legal system to construct city.In addition, the people’ s universal improvement in Renaissance age owed to the education and its promotion in which there were professional and generalist in that age. The更多还原