【作者】 孙毅；

【导师】 王化波；

【作者基本信息】 吉林大学 ， 人口学， 2005， 硕士

【摘要】 改革开放以来,计划经济体制向市场经济体制转变过程中,就业、失业和再就业的压力越来越大,成为困扰中国发展的一大社会经济问题。 相对于男性,女性面临着更大的就业压力。这种压力来自多个方面:一方面,改革开放以来,虽然女性劳动力的数量在不断增加,但是劳动参与率水平比男性低,失业率总体水平也比男性高,在 25-29 岁、30-34岁和 35-39 岁的黄金劳动年龄段中,女性的失业率与男性差距最大。另一方面,劳动力市场上存在女性行业和职业隔离现象。相对于全国水平来说,女性行业结构的变化滞后,在第一产业就业的女性比例高,在第三产业就业的女性比例低,但是这种情况正在改变。从职业结构来看,从事农、林、牧、渔、水利业职业的女性在所有从业的女性劳动者中所占比重始终是最高的,我国目前存在的女性职业大多是低技能型职业。 造成女性就业困难的原因包括人口、经济、历史和社会等多个方面。1.中国劳动年龄人口多,劳动力供大于求。2.计划经济体制向市场经济体制转变过程中,原有的就业结构和就业体制受到了冲击,造成女性就业困难。3.我国女性劳动力的雇佣成本高,使追求高利润的企业不愿意雇佣女性。4. 女性自身素质也是造成女性就业困难的原因。女性的生理、心理和智力特点影响了女性的劳动参与方向。女性总体文化素质不如男性,特别是在高素质就业群体中的女性数量少。教育程度越低,两性在劳动参与率上的差距越大,但是高素质的女性在与同样条件的男性竞争时仍处于劣势。5.传统文化观念的束缚,女性在社会和家庭中的角色冲突,也是造成女性就业困难的原因。更多还原

【Abstract】 Since reform and opening, changes from planned economic system to market economic system has brought about more and more pressure of employment, unemployment and reemployment, which become a large social and economic question of perplexing China’s development. Comparing to the male, the female is faced to greater pressure on employment. This kind of pressure comes from a lot of respects. On one hand, since reform and opening, though the quantity of female labor force is increasing constantly, the rate of labor force participation is lower than man, the overall level of the rate of unemployment is higher than man, during the working gold years of the age bracketed in 25-29 years old, 30-34 years old and 35-39 years old, there is the biggest gap between the female rate of unemployment and the male. On the other hand, there is the phenomenon of industrial isolation and occupational isolation in the labor market. In respect to the national level, the change of female industrial structure lag behind. The condition is changing that the female employment proportion is high in the primary industry and is low in the tertiary industry. According to the occupational structure, women engaged in agriculture, forest, herding, fishing and water conservancy industry job are the highest all the time in the proportion of women labor of obtaining employment. At present, the female occupations are mostly low-skill type in our country. The reasons caused to women obtaining employment difficultly include population, economy, history and society etc. 1.China have many labor forces and supply of labor force exceeds demand. 2.In the course of planned economic system transformed into market economic system, the previous employment structure and employment system have been assaulted, which caused difficulties for the female employment. 3.The high cost of the female labor force in our country made the enterprise pursuing the high profit unwilling to hire women. 4.Women’s own quality also caused women to obtain the jobs difficultly. Women’s physiology, psychology and intelligence characteristic influence the direction of female labor force participation. The overall cultural dynamics of the female is not so good as the male, especially high quality woman is less. The lower education degree, the bigger the gap of two-gender labor force participation is. But high-quality women is still in inferior position when compete with the man of same conditions. 5.The constraint of the traditional culture, conflicts of female role in the family and in the society, also caused women to obtain employment difficultly. According to relevant data, employing PEOPLE software, this paper predicts the trend of the female employment in the year of 2020 and calculate that the total dietary allowance of labor force might be up to 872,580,000 persons (female: 393,650,000 persons), the total demand allowance of labor force might be up to 849,500,000 persons and the gap is 23,080,000 persons in 2020. Finally, the problem of how to solve the female employment is discussed. Women employment is not only an economic question, but also a social concern, which should be started with from many aspects to solve this difficult problem. Firstly, in respect of economics, the employment problem should be更多还原